Financial Statement Analysis of Ibm

Budget report Analysis of IBM Financial Statement Analysis of IBM I. Organization Facts IBM †International Business Machines Corporation The home office of IBM is situated in Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, United States. IBM was established in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) through a merger of three organizations: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company.CTR embraced the name International Business Machines in 1924, utilizing a name recently assigned to CTR's auxiliary in Canada and later South America. Standard Industrial Classification Codes are 7379 which are for the most part on PC and relative stuff. (CEO) of IBM now is Virginia M. Rometty. Administrator of the Board of IBM now is Samuel J. Palmisano. The end date of ongoing financial year of IBM is Dec. 31st 2011. Primary administrations IBM gives incorporate business counseling, IT related administrations, re-appropriating administration and training.Main items IBM gives incorporate centralized computer, programming, framework and capacity. IBM’s significant activities comprise of five business fragments: Global Technology Services, Global Business Services, Software, Systems and Technology and Global Financing. In the most recent monetary year, IBM has a measure of 433,362 entirely possessed workers everywhere throughout the world. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) is the free inspector held to review IBM’s solidified fiscal summaries and the viability of the organization's interior command over money related reporting.The stock ticker image is IBM. IBM normal stock is recorded on the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Stock Exchange, and outside the United States. Also, the most recent stock cost was $188. 32 on Nov. fourteenth 2012 on NYSE. II. Business and Strategy Analysis 1. Industry Description and Competitive Anlysis Since IBM is a profoundly expanded organization, it focuses on a few businesses simultaneously. So let’s state IBM predominantly focuses on the PC related equipment and programming fabricating ventures. As we as a whole now, these two ventures supplement one another and rely upon one another while the most serious organizations consistently take a shot at the two businesses simultaneously. The PC related programming and equipment producing industry is described by huge innovative work movement and fast mechanical change. The quick pace of advancement in this area makes a consistent interest for more up to date and quicker items and applications. While the segment has become quicker than most different enterprises in the course of recent decades, it faces difficulties from increasing costs, worldwide piece of the overall industry, and the fast pace of innovation.The principle contenders for IBM now are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft. Here I will utilize the Porter five powers investigation to give a serious examination among these f our organizations. Danger of new rivalry: The market of this industry is beneficial in certain parts like significant level programming and casings, not very productive in some different parts like PCs. So we can say the market is as yet productive and is drawing in the new contestants, which has the likelihood to diminish benefit for all organizations in this industry.While in this industry, due to the presence of a few major organizations, the boundaries to passage are generally high which are non-gainful for the new section firms. The few major organizations have held exceptionally high brand value, client reliability, productive appropriation strategies and scale impact to diminish the expenses and increment the benefits. There isn't an excessive amount of danger from the new firms to contend with IBM, there are high opportunities for other fundamental contenders like HP, Dell and Microsoft to enter the business sectors where IBM is making high benefit, well they have the R& D capabilities.But to make the greatest benefits, in spite of the fact that IBM's principle rivals are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft, every one of these organizations has an alternate center region. Dell makes the vast majority of its cash on PC and server equipment, while Hewlett-Packard is increasingly broadened as the pioneer in PCs and Imaging ; Printing just as offering IT administrations and Microsoft focuses on the PC programming improvement. So we can infer that there is danger of new rivalry, yet the level is generally low.Threat of substitute items or administrations: The danger of substitute items or administrations is moderately high contrasted and the danger of new rivalry. Additionally these dangers originate from the primary contenders. For items, for example, PC, most clients will look at the value, screen size, life time and different properties rather than simply the brand a similar path as administrations, for example, IT counseling and so on. Dealing intens ity of clients: The bartering intensity of clients is additionally portrayed as the market of yields: the capacity of clients to put the firm under tension, which likewise influences the client's affectability to value changes.In this factor, since clients of these two ventures have numerous channels to get to the items and administrations, high data accessibility, various decisions, separated points of interest of items and clients is likewise sort of value touchy. So we can infer that the bartering intensity of clients is solid. Dealing intensity of providers: The bartering intensity of providers is likewise portrayed as the market of sources of info. Providers of crude materials, segments, work, and administrations, (for example, ability) to the firm can be a wellspring of control over the firm, when there are not many substitutes.Because there are a lot of providers in many parts, nearness of substitute continues being delivered, level of separation of data sources isn't suffici ently high and provider rivalry is solid. At that point we can presume that dealing intensity of providers is additionally in a lower level. Force of serious contention: Intensity of serious contention is the significant determinant of the seriousness of the business. Economical upper hands through advancement, all these four major serious organizations have solid R&D group and put away much cash on it.And we can generally observe the ads of their items anyplace. Each organization has a separated serious technique to focus on their own regions and holds feasible upper hands through development. So we can reason that the power of serious contention is high. Given the Porter five powers examination above, here we have a general end that PC related equipment and programming businesses are moderately profoundly serious and maintainable dependent on the present circumstance and future advancement trends.There do have some productive specialty market and a few territories can be grown further. The huge four organizations have their own preferences and accentuation and furthermore contend intensely with one another. There is no simple path for every one of them to lead taking all things together. 2. Industry’s Future Prospects Assessment When we come to discuss the future possibilities of PC related equipment and programming ventures, I’m sure that it won't be that promising like nanotechnology or hereditary treatment which is still in inquire about period, since he PC related equipment and programming businesses have been created numerous years, the greater part of items, advancements and administrations have been developed enough. However, it is as yet beneficial and manageable on the grounds that the world has been set up dependent on these two businesses. Without their help, the world can't step forward even a bit. What's more, the extreme rivalry and quick substitution speed will drive these two businesses to be grown quicker and faster.There m ight be a few claims and administrative guidelines there defying organizations, for example, the plagiarization, copyright encroachment, against imposing business model, relentless rivalry, charge issue, neighborhood security, etc. These will be the fundamental lawful issues that organizations of two these businesses are absolutely meeting now will even now never end ever again. Plagiarization and copyright encroachment will be the two primary issues that these organizations should pay more accentuation on cuz these two are the crucial parts for them to maintain their upper hands and make profits.Incorporating the relative little organizations might be decided by the court saying it is purchasing the possible contender because of the worry of syndication of government. Relentless rivalry may not occur, while once it occurred, it will unquestionably be a debacle. Duty issue and the neighborhood insurance are constantly met up. Neighborhood government may secure the nearby organizatio ns by managing high assessment to the outside contenders. Besides, because of the quick substitution speed, the cost of items and administrations in these two enterprises will never be high as long as there is no monopoly.So the cost control is one of the key parts to decide these companies’ future. Also, development will never be excessively. 3. Synopsis and Evaluation of IBM’s Future Goals and Strategies The following decade holds colossal guarantee for IBM. They are extraordinarily situated to convey the advantages of an immense new regular asset †a gusher of information from both man-made and characteristic frameworks that would now be able to be tapped to support organizations and foundations prevail in an inexorably mind boggling and dynamic worldwide economy.IBM has consistently realigned its business to lead in another time of figuring and to empower its customers to profit by the new capacities that period is making. As a result, its speculators profit by a plan of action that is both feasible over the long haul and energized by a portion of the world’s most appealing high-development markets and advancements. It will be on target toward its 2015 Road Map objective of in any event $20 in activity income per share and $20 billion in income development by 2015. This objective for IBM is very suitable.There are four high-development spaces as following, development markets, business examination, cloud and more brilliant planet. These four spaces IBM is buckling down on will unquestionably head to high benefits because of its high accentuation and prof

Relationship between society and education Essay

Connection BETWEEN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION Presentation Numerous sociologists have seen that there is a solid connection among instruction and society. This perception is a result of the way that it is preposterous to expect to separate or draw any line of outline between the two ideas. This is a result of the way that what befalls the instructive framework without a doubt influences the general public, the youthful in its own picture. The parts of the instructive framework that establish consummately characterized realities and which have a similar reality as another social truth are between related. They are between related inside, with the goal that a given instruction framework has solidarity and consistency, and furthermore remotely so the training framework mirrors a society’s good and scholarly qualities. Ottaway (1980) characterized society as the entire scope of social connections of individuals living in a specific geological domain and having a sentiment of having a place with a similar sort of gathering. In each general public, in the case of creating or created, perplexing or crude, there is constantly an instruction framework. Training frameworks are not the equivalent, as no two social orders are indistinguishable. In this manner, training frameworks vary from society to society and their points, substance and procedures likewise contrast starting with one society then onto the next. From the previous, one may propose that instructive foundations are smaller scale social orders, which reflect the whole society. This is one reason why social orders attempt to develop instruction frameworks andâ policies that would address the issues, convictions, perspectives and the goals of their kin. Havighurst (1968) saw that the best approach to comprehend a society’s training framework is to see how it is identified with the other essential establishments of that society, specifically the family, the congregation, mosque,the express, the commonwealth and the economy. Connection among Education and Society We have considered training to be specific as a methods for social transmission starting with one age the n onto the next. The guardians are the principal educators of the kid they despite everything keep up an educative capacity all through the early and early stages of a kid. In the greater part of the creating countries of the world, including Nigeria, guardians are liable for sending their youngsters or wards to class. Since these countries are experiencing fast financial and political changes, they witness unique issues including the proper instruction framework, which will have the option to create the sufficient labor needs in all the portions of the general public. . Schools are set up in numerous social orders of the world to ingrain in the students those skill’s which will manage the cost of them the chance of taking their legitimate situations in the general public; yet this capacity can't be sufficiently cultivated without the help of the home in light of the fact that both the home and the school perform complimentary capacities in the good and scholarly improvement of the youngster. This implies the youngster can't be taught in a vacuum or in disconnection. Along these lines, for a kid to be taught there must be association among him and his physical and social condition. By this we imply that training is the advancement of character. It is something which goes on both inside and outside the home and in the school. At the end of the day, instruction is an action of the entire network. This implies training is utilized in the transmission of the social qualities. One significant ramifications of taking a gander at training as the transmitter of social qualities is the way that instruction can be impacted by the way of life of the general public in which it happens. Therefore, one may construe that for a youngster to be taught, he should be impacted by his condition and, thusly, be equipped for affecting it. Also, it is just by the idea of the consistent connection of the individual and his general public that the improvement of character can be appropriately comprehended. We have noted aboveâ that training is a methods through which the social estimations of a specific culture are transmitted starting with one age then onto the next. Through this procedure, the general public can accomplish fundamental social congruity and guarantee that its customary qualities, convictions, mentalities and goals are kept up and saved. Clarks (1948) saw that a general information and acknowledgment of the standards and points of our general public is basic f or every one of its residents, and it must be accomplished through instruction yet in a structure, which makes it good with opportunity. So he accommodates the twofold reason by saying that in fact, the motivation behind the educative society might be to make men similar. In any case, overmastering that must be the reason to make men free. A general public needs a steady and dynamic arrangement of qualities and a ,brought together reason. It is the point at which this is learned that important financial, political and social projects can be set out upon for the general advantages of the residents. To be a completely built up an individual in such a general public, infers full and inventive enrollment of it with forces to transform it. Ottaway (1980) battled that the transmission of culture despite everything stays an essential capacity, and isn't to be excused as only moderate in the feeling of being antiquated. He further saw that our kids are conceivably the general public of things to come, which despite everything has a place with the non-social network, and instruction in this regard can be viewed as a socialization of the youthful. Training relies upon the absolute lifestyle of a people in a general public. This recommends the sort of instruction gave will vary from society to society. Also, every general public has her own standards, qualities and her own optimal people who stand apart plainly for the more youthful ages to imitate. Since every one of these social orders are not the equivalent, at that point it implies that a man is viewed as a legend in one society as a result of his commitments to instructive improvement of the general public may not be viewed as such in another general public where training isn't given need in the plan of their day by day exercises. It, along these lines, suggests that youngsters have various individuals to copy in various social orders. It is coherent to expect that the sort training given in every general public will change now and again as the general public changes. Numerous authors have contended that instruction is one of the reasons for social change in the general public, yet another way of thinking is of the supposition, that instructive change will in general follow different socialâ changes, as opposed to start them. Ottaway (1980) saw that thoughts of progress begin in the psyches of men; regularly in the brain of a solitary man. Uncommon people imagine new strat egies and propound new qualities for their general public. These thoughts emerge from the effect of man on his way of life, however don't change the way of life until they are shared and transmitted by a social gathering. In his own accommodation, Boocock (1972) noticed that social orders experiencing fast social change or modernization have uncommon issues in adjusting the instructive framework to the labor needs of the world. They frequently endure deficiencies of people with extraordinary sort of training in designing and other specialized fields and may experience issues in keeping people with important abilities once they have finished their instruction. Another territory of the connection among instruction and society is through the course of action of the whole society into a various leveled request that is, through the social structure wherein training plays a conspicuous and noteworthy job in fixing taught people into social classes. Ottaway (1980) saw that training is the way toward planning individuals to fit into this perplexing social structure and to assume specific social jobs as individuals from more than one institutional gathering. People need to figure out how to be fathers or moms, teachers or government employees, businesspeople or ministers. They need to figure out how to keep the law, to see how they are represented and to be set up to attempt to change the social moves when they see that they can be improved. Instruction as a social wonder is additionally worried about the readiness of the youngster for his future occupation throughout everyday life. This is one of the fundamental monetary elements of instruction and this is in light of a legitimate concern for both the country and the person. Through training an individual knows the structure of the general public and the various sorts of connections that exist among those structures in the general public. The kid is instructed how to perform vari ous jobs inside the social structure in the general public. These jobs are between related. For instance, the job of a dad is a social job; a dad could be a child to someone else. So training permits the kid to play out his job enough inside the social structure in the general public. Moreover, the youngster can comprehend the system of between connections among the distinctive social organizations that make up the general public. . Likewise of significance are the various capacities that are performed by every social foundation in the general public. Like an individual, every foundation has unequivocal capacities to act in the general public and the elements of every establishment vary starting with one then onto the next despite the fact that they are complimentary. Another part of the connection among training and society is in the territory of social cooperation. Social communication might be characterized as any connection among individuals and gatherings, which changes the conduct of the individuals in the gathering. There is a requirement for social cooperation by the youngster before he could get the way of life of his general public. This collaboration in the general public is in this way part of the child’s instruction, gave that, that sort of association achieves positive changes in the child’s conduct the correct way as required by the instructive framework. One significant point here is that the youngster has been partaking in bunch connection some time before he begins to go to class and the most well-known among these gathering cooperations are inside the family and the friend gathering. These gatherings where th

How to Stay Focused in Class

How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class For many students, their academic workload involves at least 5 lectures a week ranging from 60 minutes to 3 hours in duration. From start to finish, students experience a range of emotions including boredom, hunger, confusion, engagement, and the list goes on. Certainly, with so many thoughts and feelings being experienced while new information is being presented, it can become increasingly easy to lose focus. Lectures provide new information that is sure to help you on class assignments and likely appear on your final exams. In recognizing the importance of your time spent in class, here are tips on how to stay focused. Turn Off Your WiFi More often than not, students will bring their laptops and cellphones to class to take notes. This means that they have easy access to the glorious world wide web which is full of distractions. What is the point of going to class if you’re going to spend all of your time on Pinterest, Facebook, and Twitter? Remove the temptation of social media by turning off your WiFi and cellphone. If the temptation is too great altogether, try handwriting your notes and leave your laptop in your bag. Sit Away From Friends Since you see your classmates all the time, it’s easy to form friendships over your common interests. This is great for your social life, but it may impact your studies if your friends constantly distract you during lectures. Sitting by yourself will allow you to stay focused on new material and you can always compare your notes after to see their perspective on the material as well. If you absolutely cannot avoid sitting with your friends, arrive to class moments before the lecture begins and choose a seat away from them. You can easily blame your tardiness on having to take the first seat you saw available. Prepare Your Materials You have a dedicated amount of time per class each week so it’s important to make the most of it. Many professors will post their lecture slides online at the beginning of the year (or at least the day before class) giving you time to review these slides. The course syllabus also allows you to know the reading material related to that week’s lecture. By familiarizing yourself with the material beforehand, you can come to class better prepared with any questions and know which portions of the lecture you will need to focus on more than others. Pack Some Snacks When hunger strikes, it’s easy to become irritable, fatigued, and have a hard time learning new information. If you find yourself hungry during lectures and constantly thinking about what you’re going to eat after class, try packing snacks such as a granola bar, crackers with cheese, yogurt, or any other protein and carbohydrate combo that will surely leave you feeling energized and full. Learning new information is exciting and can be challenging; don’t make it any harder than it needs to be and take advantage of these classes that you have paid for. By removing distractions and coming to class well-prepared, you’ll be on your way to academic success in no time. Know someone who could benefit from focusing more in class? Share this article with them! How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class For many students, their academic workload involves at least 5 lectures a week ranging from 60 minutes to 3 hours in duration. From start to finish, students experience a range of emotions including boredom, hunger, confusion, engagement, and the list goes on. Certainly, with so many thoughts and feelings being experienced while new information is being presented, it can become increasingly easy to lose focus. Lectures provide new information that is sure to help you on class assignments and likely appear on your final exams. In recognizing the importance of your time spent in class, here are tips on how to stay focused. Turn Off Your WiFi More often than not, students will bring their laptops and cellphones to class to take notes. This means that they have easy access to the glorious world wide web which is full of distractions. What is the point of going to class if you’re going to spend all of your time on Pinterest, Facebook, and Twitter? Remove the temptation of social media by turning off your WiFi and cellphone. If the temptation is too great altogether, try handwriting your notes and leave your laptop in your bag. Sit Away From Friends Since you see your classmates all the time, it’s easy to form friendships over your common interests. This is great for your social life, but it may impact your studies if your friends constantly distract you during lectures. Sitting by yourself will allow you to stay focused on new material and you can always compare your notes after to see their perspective on the material as well. If you absolutely cannot avoid sitting with your friends, arrive to class moments before the lecture begins and choose a seat away from them. You can easily blame your tardiness on having to take the first seat you saw available. Prepare Your Materials You have a dedicated amount of time per class each week so it’s important to make the most of it. Many professors will post their lecture slides online at the beginning of the year (or at least the day before class) giving you time to review these slides. The course syllabus also allows you to know the reading material related to that week’s lecture. By familiarizing yourself with the material beforehand, you can come to class better prepared with any questions and know which portions of the lecture you will need to focus on more than others. Pack Some Snacks When hunger strikes, it’s easy to become irritable, fatigued, and have a hard time learning new information. If you find yourself hungry during lectures and constantly thinking about what you’re going to eat after class, try packing snacks such as a granola bar, crackers with cheese, yogurt, or any other protein and carbohydrate combo that will surely leave you feeling energized and full. Learning new information is exciting and can be challenging; don’t make it any harder than it needs to be and take advantage of these classes that you have paid for. By removing distractions and coming to class well-prepared, you’ll be on your way to academic success in no time. Know someone who could benefit from focusing more in class? Share this article with them!

Planned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And...

â€Å"Nothing matters.† That quote attributed to Ambrose Bierce may be true in some cases. It may be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Parenthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together with a staff of experts in medicine, sexual health, advocacy, communications, and law, these leaders offer a robust vision and common sense solutions designed to protect women’s health and safety and the basic human rights of us all.†(â€Å"Our Leadership† par. 2) In overview, Planned Parenthood is an underappreciated healthcare resource that has helped terminate/prevent unwanted pregnancy, contributed to vital medical research, and educated persons of all ages in matters including sexuality and safe practices/choices. Planned Parenthood has recently been in the national spotlight due to the number abortions the facilities across the United States conduct. While Planned Parenthood clients have an 80% reach out rate due to unwanted pregnancy, only 3% of their services are abortion related. Planned Parenthood reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies worldwide by 516 000 each year. The organizationShow MoreRelatedPlanned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And Safety And The Basic Human Rights1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Pare nthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together withRead MoreOverpopulation And Resource Conflict And Allocation1741 Words   |  7 Pagesranked sixth in the 2013 Human Development Index, fourth in The Heritage Foundation’s 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, and 13th in the INSEAD’s 2012 Global Innovation Index. 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The Crime Scene Of A Homicide Investigation - 903 Words

Introduction: In a homicide investigation, one must take several steps to prepare. The first of which is to make oneself familiar with all of the processes that will be involved. This includes not only police and investigative work but also the processes that the body will be going through. The most important part of investigating a crime is that the officers and detectives know and understand the entire process. Familiarizing Oneself to Death Investigation Process As a detective on her first homicide case, Detective Scales would familiarize herself with the process completely before taking a single step inside the crime scene. The most important part of keeping a crime scene controlled and evidence accurate is all parties involved being aware and knowledgable of the processes and regulations. It is one thing to learn what they teach through the academy and schooling, and another to do research on one’s own to have complete understanding. Adcock and Chancellor state in Death Investigations that the first part of an investigation is determine cause and manner of death (p.1-2). The cause of death is determined by a coroner or other official, while manner of death is determined by the circumstances of the crime. Manner of death would be declaring a death a homicide. Then, after this has been done, homicide detectives such as Detective Scales would be called in. The body will have investig ative processes done to it and the scene as well before being sent to the morgue.Show MoreRelatedEthical Considerations in the Legal Prosecution of Robbery and Murder Cases926 Words   |  4 Pagesessay, the author will consider the various ethical considerations and problems that will need to be addressed in the legal prosecution of a robbery and a murder case. 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Atomic Bomb †World War II Free Essays

World War II is known for acts of heroism on both sides, as well as controversial decisions. One major event that has long been debated was the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The reason Japan was threatened by the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Atomic Bomb – World War II or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. with the Atomic bomb was to force them to surrender. The war would have taken much longer had an invasion been attempted. An invasion would have cost more lives for both sides than the bombings. The Allies were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first reason the bombing was justified was that it was the most viable way to force the Japanese to surrender. The Allied offer of the Potsdam Conference on July 26, 1945 stating that the war would end only when the Japanese surrendered and gave up Emperor Hirohito. This offer was completely unacceptable to the Japanese, who, at the time, regarded their emperor as a god and declined the Postdam demands without thinking twice. President Harry S Truman was in a situation where he could not change the terms of the offer, because the American citizens wanted Hirohito imprisoned, if not executed after the bombing of pearl harbor. Changing the terms of the offer would also be regarded as a sign of weakness on the Americans’ part, which was unacceptable during a time of war. After the crushing defeats of the U. S. over the Japanese at Iwo Jima and Okinawa were also very decisive battles that the U. S. won where the Japanese did not give up; showing there loyalty to their emperor and the fact that they wouldn’t give up. Meanwhile, as the U. S. was picking off all of the strategic islands around Japan, the Japanese were still building there defense up. This too proved they would not give up. Another reason that the Americans were justified in dropping the bomb was that it ended the war much more quickly than would an invasion. Many Americans had already been killed in the battles against Japan, and Truman’s main goals were to save American lives and get his troops home as soon as possible. The second of the two atomic bombs was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 and the Japanese surrendered 5 days later on August 14, 1945. The alternative to the use of the atomic bomb, an invasion over land, had been scheduled for November 1 had the bombing not succeeded or had it been cancelled. This invasion could have dragged on for months, if not years. Japan also had no defense for the destruction of the cities. If they had no defense they would have to surrender ending the war early. The third, final, and most important reason the Americans were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Japan was that the bombings claimed far less lives than would have been taken during an invasion. Between the two cities, there was estimated to have been approximately 115,000 deaths as a result of the bombings. President Truman estimated that as many as one million American soldiers would have died in an invasion of Japan. Also the Soviet Union was about to invade Japan. This would cause the Soviets to have a lot of influence in the United States’ decisions in the far east. President Truman intended the atomic bomb to be a way to end the war at a minimum cost of American lives. The use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a justified strategy on the Allies’ part. A Japanese surrender was impossible due to the political landscape before the bombings. The war would have dragged on much longer had the bomb not been dropped and an invasion carried out instead. The bombings claimed fewer lives than an invasion would have. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought a decisive end to the Second World War, as well as beginning the nuclear age; changing the world forever. How to cite Atomic Bomb – World War II, Essays

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Essay Example

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Paper Rhetoric has been defined and analysis in different ways, therefore to study the role of rhetoric in society it is important first to define the term itself. Rhetoric according to the dictionary is the Art of effective or persuasive speech or writing1. Farrell defines rhetoric as the collaborative art of addressing and guiding decision and judgement2 and suggests it is a public language3 for successful cultures. Rhetoric therefore means the art of using language to persuade or influence the human subject. It is usually applied to persuasive attempts directed at an audience, often in some formal or institutional setting.4 Rhetoric plays a huge role in influencing public opinion therefore in order to confront the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda it is important first to outline the meaning of the two terms Truth and Propaganda. The dictionary suggests a broad definition of the word truth: Truth- Quality or state of being true5, this definition however, does not give a substantial enough meaning of the word. Truth is something that you believe to be right, a testing of ideas that are believed to be reliable. This is my own definition of truth, which I believe outlines what truth constitutes of. We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jowett and ODonnell define propaganda as means to disseminate or promote particular ideas6 the definition goes further in explaining that Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist7. This definition of propaganda focuses on the communicative process and most specifically the purpose of the process, the purpose being to send out an ideology to an audience with a related objective. My own perception of propaganda, in its most neutral sense, is that propaganda is a set of ideas put out politically. This essay will consider the way in which public rhetoric can be used for persuasive purposes. Political speech/es and movie speeches will form the basis of my analysis. Talk is often called a speech event. A speech which urges the audience to do, say, feel, or think something8 A speech event is orientated to achieving goals predicated on the existence of an audience and is described by the linguist Hymes as an occurrence of speech within a larger context.9 Political speeches operate within this context. When a speech event takes place it is important to note that what is said is governed by the intention of the speakers within a given context, (both the immediate situation and the wider social context), as well as by the available discourses in the language and the situation in particular. The discourse used will consist of a particular form and content, taken from a set of available discourses. In Tony Blairs speech (July 17,2003) he addresses the U.S Congress in accepting the Congressional Gold Medal. The speech is given in a formal setting. Blair as a leader has authority and his authority is acknowledged by his followers or sub-ordinates, this assembly of such individuals create the appropriate conditions of speech making, however, Blair is not only addressing these individuals but also the electronic public sphere, so his speech becomes for public consumption. The speech opens with a direct address to Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President (and the) honorable members of Congress. The audiences both locally present and listening to the broadcast are also being addressed in this speech. The prime minister first shows respect for the status of the distinguished individuals, then later cleverly reduces them all to the common level of citizens of the great republic making them all seem equal. We were all reared on battles between great warriors, between great nations, between powerful forces and ideologies that dominated entire continents. Immediate uses of rhetorical devices are evident in this statement. Here we witness, the employment of the inclusive we along with the repetition of the word between to emphasise his points. The use of the personal pronoun we attempts to position the audience, the idea being that this type of address attempts to represent the interests and opinions of Blair and audience as identical. Public speaking attempts to position its audience (Atkinson, 1984) Therefore there is a strong link between language and power, what is being said is related to Blairs power as Prime Minister. Blair affiliates himself with his primary audience the U.S Congress aswell his secondary audience the public. Within the first few lines of the speech we see the uses of antithetic parallelism. The first antithesis is in a notbut structure. by showing them (service men and women) and their families that they did not strive or die in vain, but that through their sacrifice future generations can live in greater peace, prosperity and hope. Here we witness assertion, an example of contrast or juxtaposition and an affiliation with the public expressed with the use of families. All writing and texts make references to the world that we know and Blair too does this in his speech: Through the troubled times since September 11th changed our world, we have been allies and friends September 11 was not an isolated event, but a tragic prologue From this statement we get reference to the accepted existence of certain events. All writing or text depends on pre-existing themes to make its point. (Barker, 1989) Blair later addresses themes about terrorism. The Prime-Minister voices his opinions openly and is interested in colloquial language, sympathetic circularity and the habit of speaking from experience. He presents himself as a reasonably ordinary person and talks about his son. Actually, you know, my middle son was studying 18th century history and the American war of Independence Here we witness, the use of colloquial language you know and yet another form of identification with the public. The lexis of the speech comes from everyday speech, there are no specialists or obscure terms and most sentences are simple structurally, this therefore allows an easier understanding in the audience. He then goes on to talk about belief: In the end it is not our power alone that will defeat this evil. Our ultimate weapon is not our guns, but our beliefs Belief is a firm conviction in the existence or rightness of something, however this differs from position. The belief of a politician and the expression of that belief differentiate greatly. What Blair says is not necessarily what he believes. However, all politicians are aware that they have to act in a particular context bearing in mind the welfare and well being of an audience. All social actors have goals, make moves, take turns, employ tactics and work out strategies (Nofsinger, 1991) He continues: There is a myth that though we love freedom, others dont; that our attachment to freedom is a product of our culture; that freedom, democracy, human rights, the rule of law are American values, or Western values; that afghan women were content under the lash of the Taliban; that Saddam was somehow beloved by his people; that Milosevic was Serbias savior The key word here is freedom. Freedom can be economical, cultural or political, in this sense he talks about Freedom for all, not just for those in a western society. Ours are not western values; they are the universal values of human spirit. And anywhereAnywhere, anytime ordinary people are given the chance to choose, the choice is the same: freedom, not tyranny; democracy, not dictatorship; the rule of law; not the rule of the secret police. Here he presents a series of oppositions and makes use of contrast to put his point across. His points consist of a three part list and include the repetition of anywhere emphasizing the idea that freedom is a universal value and can be present anywhere in the world. He uses further parallelisms to get his point across: The spread of freedom is the best security for the free. It is our last line of defense and our first line of attack. And just as the terrorist seeks to divide humanity in hate, so we have to unify it around an idea. And that idea is liberty. In other words, in oppositional terms, the terrorists attack and divide and the allies (Britain and America) defend and unify. This could be described as what Jowett and ODonnell call White propaganda. White propaganda is when the source is identified correctly and the information in the message tends to be accurateAlthough what listeners hear is reasonably close to the truth, it is presented in the manner that attempts to convince the audience that the sender is the good guy with the best ideas and political ideology.10 Each speaker has a purpose; Blair for example, has the purpose of increasing the morale of the British and American people after or throughout the war on terror. Politicians have a tendency to use the word freedom vastly in the public arena, both in speeches and party election broadcasts. Blairs speech is built around a tired clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- the importance of freedom, the need for it, how other cherished values depend on it and how it will triumph. This is his way of justifying the war in Iraq. He concludes his talk on freedom with the words of Abraham Lincoln: We must find the strength to fight for this idea and the compassion to make it universal. Abraham Lincoln said Those that deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves and it is this sense of justice that makes moral love a liberty The speech is bombarded with references to freedom and being free. Rhetorical questions, assertions, three part lists and contrast and juxtaposition are present throughout the speech till its end, and these are all common features of public rhetoric. Some of the most famous examples of public rhetoric have been produced by military leaders preparing troops for battle. These speeches, both real and fictitious, usually demonstrate the great motivating power of what Aristotle calls pathos. Pathos (emotional proof) is the feeling the speech draws from the hearers. In the film Braveheart (1995) the scene in which William Wallace addresses the Scottish Army at Stirling provides such a speech. Wallace establishes his credentials and introduces himself. He then goes on to address the idea of freedom: You have come to fight as free men, and free men you are. What would you do without freedom, will you fight? He uses the personal pronoun you to address the whole collective. The basic difference between Blairs speech and Wallaces speech is that Blair talks about making freedom a universal theme as many countries do not have it. Wallace speaks of freedom in a patriotic manner. They may take our lives, but theyll never take our freedom. In this context, the soldiers answer back and have the right to speak-one of the key concepts of freedom. In a political context, only the speaker expresses his beliefs and ideas and the audience is positioned in a way to accept these beliefs and ideas imposed on them. The movie scene in which General Maximus Meridius addresses Caesar Commodus in the film Gladiator (2000) provides another example of Rhetoric in movie speeches. My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, Commander of the Armies of the North, General of the Felix Legions, loyal servant to the true emperor, Marcus Aurelius, father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife, and I will have my vengeance in this life-or the next11 The speech begins with a formal mode of address; he introduces himself and creates an assertion. He then goes on to assert his authority, Commander; General; loyal servant; Father and Husband are all terms or names linked with authority. The second, third and fourth assertion consist of a three part list reiterating his authority, however his fifth, sixth and seventh assertions express an undesired state of affairs. His wife and child have been murdered and he wants his revenge. In this short address a narrative is established, which consists of a storyline used by the storyteller. The themes which emerge most clearly in the course of the narrative concern masculinity, power, heroism and the nature of group leadership. Narrative should not be seen as simply a fictional practice, as human beings report everyday events and encounters in the form of narrative. Central to the study of rhetoric is the audience. Responses to persuasion Conclusion/s In addressing the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda I conclude that public rhetoric has both a positive and negative condition to it in society. In Blairs speech there is a sincere concern for the welfare of the audience. Certain ideas and messages are selected by him and imposed on the audience, this does, therefore mean that the selection of this information is biased as he chooses what to tell the audience and what to keep from them, however Blair does not use rhetoric in a negative, manipulative or dishonest way, he simply uses persuasive techniques to get his point across. In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle, with regard to persuasion indicated that a crafty person could artfully manipulate the instruments of rhetoric for either honest or dishonest terms. Depending upon which end is desired, the use of rhetorical devices is judged accordingly: ifthe aim be good, the cleverness is praiseworthy; but if it be bad, it becomes craft.12 A speaker faced with having to articulate a message on a public platform e.g. Tony Blair with the knowledge that it would gain a wider circulation, would perhaps be more circumspect in his subject matter or address. More Importantly, Blair might frame the message using a rhetorical construction as I have shown. Propaganda is a form of communication that is different from persuasion because it attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Blairs message is not that of propaganda. To identify as message as propaganda is to suggest something negative and dishonest, words frequently used as synonyms for propaganda are lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation and brainwashing. Many of these synonyms are suggestive of techniques of message production rather than purpose or process. Blairs purpose is to keep the interests and well being of the public audience at heart, he does not lie or distort information, however he may hide the truth from us in places are he believes it is for the best. No audience, no matter how perverse in its own needs, will put up with hearing that they are being manipulated and used to fulfill anothers selfish needs. Thus the propagandist cannot reveal the true intent of the message. 13 However, as Althusser argues the media are ideological state apparatus; they produce meanings in the audience. The voice of the author in a novel, speech, advertisement or television program guides us through, the text or story; therefore it is not necessarily true as we as readers are not allowed to align ourselves with a particular character, person, and situation. In Blairs speech, what you see on the surface does not necessarily tell you about the truth of the world. There are structures that you cant see for example, the economic status, political status or public relations between classes and races. We are colored by dominant ideology which influences our beliefs and ideas; so on the other hand, manipulation can be seen as an instrument of ideology. In comparison to Blairs speech, the speeches in the examples given, although fictitious, rhetoric is used in a positive retrospect as both characters do not try to manipulate their audiences but try to persuade them.