Financial Statement Analysis of Ibm

Budget report Analysis of IBM Financial Statement Analysis of IBM I. Organization Facts IBM †International Business Machines Corporation The home office of IBM is situated in Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, United States. IBM was established in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) through a merger of three organizations: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company.CTR embraced the name International Business Machines in 1924, utilizing a name recently assigned to CTR's auxiliary in Canada and later South America. Standard Industrial Classification Codes are 7379 which are for the most part on PC and relative stuff. (CEO) of IBM now is Virginia M. Rometty. Administrator of the Board of IBM now is Samuel J. Palmisano. The end date of ongoing financial year of IBM is Dec. 31st 2011. Primary administrations IBM gives incorporate business counseling, IT related administrations, re-appropriating administration and training.Main items IBM gives incorporate centralized computer, programming, framework and capacity. IBM’s significant activities comprise of five business fragments: Global Technology Services, Global Business Services, Software, Systems and Technology and Global Financing. In the most recent monetary year, IBM has a measure of 433,362 entirely possessed workers everywhere throughout the world. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) is the free inspector held to review IBM’s solidified fiscal summaries and the viability of the organization's interior command over money related reporting.The stock ticker image is IBM. IBM normal stock is recorded on the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Stock Exchange, and outside the United States. Also, the most recent stock cost was $188. 32 on Nov. fourteenth 2012 on NYSE. II. Business and Strategy Analysis 1. Industry Description and Competitive Anlysis Since IBM is a profoundly expanded organization, it focuses on a few businesses simultaneously. So let’s state IBM predominantly focuses on the PC related equipment and programming fabricating ventures. As we as a whole now, these two ventures supplement one another and rely upon one another while the most serious organizations consistently take a shot at the two businesses simultaneously. The PC related programming and equipment producing industry is described by huge innovative work movement and fast mechanical change. The quick pace of advancement in this area makes a consistent interest for more up to date and quicker items and applications. While the segment has become quicker than most different enterprises in the course of recent decades, it faces difficulties from increasing costs, worldwide piece of the overall industry, and the fast pace of innovation.The principle contenders for IBM now are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft. Here I will utilize the Porter five powers investigation to give a serious examination among these f our organizations. Danger of new rivalry: The market of this industry is beneficial in certain parts like significant level programming and casings, not very productive in some different parts like PCs. So we can say the market is as yet productive and is drawing in the new contestants, which has the likelihood to diminish benefit for all organizations in this industry.While in this industry, due to the presence of a few major organizations, the boundaries to passage are generally high which are non-gainful for the new section firms. The few major organizations have held exceptionally high brand value, client reliability, productive appropriation strategies and scale impact to diminish the expenses and increment the benefits. There isn't an excessive amount of danger from the new firms to contend with IBM, there are high opportunities for other fundamental contenders like HP, Dell and Microsoft to enter the business sectors where IBM is making high benefit, well they have the R& D capabilities.But to make the greatest benefits, in spite of the fact that IBM's principle rivals are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft, every one of these organizations has an alternate center region. Dell makes the vast majority of its cash on PC and server equipment, while Hewlett-Packard is increasingly broadened as the pioneer in PCs and Imaging ; Printing just as offering IT administrations and Microsoft focuses on the PC programming improvement. So we can infer that there is danger of new rivalry, yet the level is generally low.Threat of substitute items or administrations: The danger of substitute items or administrations is moderately high contrasted and the danger of new rivalry. Additionally these dangers originate from the primary contenders. For items, for example, PC, most clients will look at the value, screen size, life time and different properties rather than simply the brand a similar path as administrations, for example, IT counseling and so on. Dealing intens ity of clients: The bartering intensity of clients is additionally portrayed as the market of yields: the capacity of clients to put the firm under tension, which likewise influences the client's affectability to value changes.In this factor, since clients of these two ventures have numerous channels to get to the items and administrations, high data accessibility, various decisions, separated points of interest of items and clients is likewise sort of value touchy. So we can infer that the bartering intensity of clients is solid. Dealing intensity of providers: The bartering intensity of providers is likewise portrayed as the market of sources of info. Providers of crude materials, segments, work, and administrations, (for example, ability) to the firm can be a wellspring of control over the firm, when there are not many substitutes.Because there are a lot of providers in many parts, nearness of substitute continues being delivered, level of separation of data sources isn't suffici ently high and provider rivalry is solid. At that point we can presume that dealing intensity of providers is additionally in a lower level. Force of serious contention: Intensity of serious contention is the significant determinant of the seriousness of the business. Economical upper hands through advancement, all these four major serious organizations have solid R&D group and put away much cash on it.And we can generally observe the ads of their items anyplace. Each organization has a separated serious technique to focus on their own regions and holds feasible upper hands through development. So we can reason that the power of serious contention is high. Given the Porter five powers examination above, here we have a general end that PC related equipment and programming businesses are moderately profoundly serious and maintainable dependent on the present circumstance and future advancement trends.There do have some productive specialty market and a few territories can be grown further. The huge four organizations have their own preferences and accentuation and furthermore contend intensely with one another. There is no simple path for every one of them to lead taking all things together. 2. Industry’s Future Prospects Assessment When we come to discuss the future possibilities of PC related equipment and programming ventures, I’m sure that it won't be that promising like nanotechnology or hereditary treatment which is still in inquire about period, since he PC related equipment and programming businesses have been created numerous years, the greater part of items, advancements and administrations have been developed enough. However, it is as yet beneficial and manageable on the grounds that the world has been set up dependent on these two businesses. Without their help, the world can't step forward even a bit. What's more, the extreme rivalry and quick substitution speed will drive these two businesses to be grown quicker and faster.There m ight be a few claims and administrative guidelines there defying organizations, for example, the plagiarization, copyright encroachment, against imposing business model, relentless rivalry, charge issue, neighborhood security, etc. These will be the fundamental lawful issues that organizations of two these businesses are absolutely meeting now will even now never end ever again. Plagiarization and copyright encroachment will be the two primary issues that these organizations should pay more accentuation on cuz these two are the crucial parts for them to maintain their upper hands and make profits.Incorporating the relative little organizations might be decided by the court saying it is purchasing the possible contender because of the worry of syndication of government. Relentless rivalry may not occur, while once it occurred, it will unquestionably be a debacle. Duty issue and the neighborhood insurance are constantly met up. Neighborhood government may secure the nearby organizatio ns by managing high assessment to the outside contenders. Besides, because of the quick substitution speed, the cost of items and administrations in these two enterprises will never be high as long as there is no monopoly.So the cost control is one of the key parts to decide these companies’ future. Also, development will never be excessively. 3. Synopsis and Evaluation of IBM’s Future Goals and Strategies The following decade holds colossal guarantee for IBM. They are extraordinarily situated to convey the advantages of an immense new regular asset †a gusher of information from both man-made and characteristic frameworks that would now be able to be tapped to support organizations and foundations prevail in an inexorably mind boggling and dynamic worldwide economy.IBM has consistently realigned its business to lead in another time of figuring and to empower its customers to profit by the new capacities that period is making. As a result, its speculators profit by a plan of action that is both feasible over the long haul and energized by a portion of the world’s most appealing high-development markets and advancements. It will be on target toward its 2015 Road Map objective of in any event $20 in activity income per share and $20 billion in income development by 2015. This objective for IBM is very suitable.There are four high-development spaces as following, development markets, business examination, cloud and more brilliant planet. These four spaces IBM is buckling down on will unquestionably head to high benefits because of its high accentuation and prof

Relationship between society and education Essay

Connection BETWEEN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION Presentation Numerous sociologists have seen that there is a solid connection among instruction and society. This perception is a result of the way that it is preposterous to expect to separate or draw any line of outline between the two ideas. This is a result of the way that what befalls the instructive framework without a doubt influences the general public, the youthful in its own picture. The parts of the instructive framework that establish consummately characterized realities and which have a similar reality as another social truth are between related. They are between related inside, with the goal that a given instruction framework has solidarity and consistency, and furthermore remotely so the training framework mirrors a society’s good and scholarly qualities. Ottaway (1980) characterized society as the entire scope of social connections of individuals living in a specific geological domain and having a sentiment of having a place with a similar sort of gathering. In each general public, in the case of creating or created, perplexing or crude, there is constantly an instruction framework. Training frameworks are not the equivalent, as no two social orders are indistinguishable. In this manner, training frameworks vary from society to society and their points, substance and procedures likewise contrast starting with one society then onto the next. From the previous, one may propose that instructive foundations are smaller scale social orders, which reflect the whole society. This is one reason why social orders attempt to develop instruction frameworks andâ policies that would address the issues, convictions, perspectives and the goals of their kin. Havighurst (1968) saw that the best approach to comprehend a society’s training framework is to see how it is identified with the other essential establishments of that society, specifically the family, the congregation, mosque,the express, the commonwealth and the economy. Connection among Education and Society We have considered training to be specific as a methods for social transmission starting with one age the n onto the next. The guardians are the principal educators of the kid they despite everything keep up an educative capacity all through the early and early stages of a kid. In the greater part of the creating countries of the world, including Nigeria, guardians are liable for sending their youngsters or wards to class. Since these countries are experiencing fast financial and political changes, they witness unique issues including the proper instruction framework, which will have the option to create the sufficient labor needs in all the portions of the general public. . Schools are set up in numerous social orders of the world to ingrain in the students those skill’s which will manage the cost of them the chance of taking their legitimate situations in the general public; yet this capacity can't be sufficiently cultivated without the help of the home in light of the fact that both the home and the school perform complimentary capacities in the good and scholarly improvement of the youngster. This implies the youngster can't be taught in a vacuum or in disconnection. Along these lines, for a kid to be taught there must be association among him and his physical and social condition. By this we imply that training is the advancement of character. It is something which goes on both inside and outside the home and in the school. At the end of the day, instruction is an action of the entire network. This implies training is utilized in the transmission of the social qualities. One significant ramifications of taking a gander at training as the transmitter of social qualities is the way that instruction can be impacted by the way of life of the general public in which it happens. Therefore, one may construe that for a youngster to be taught, he should be impacted by his condition and, thusly, be equipped for affecting it. Also, it is just by the idea of the consistent connection of the individual and his general public that the improvement of character can be appropriately comprehended. We have noted aboveâ that training is a methods through which the social estimations of a specific culture are transmitted starting with one age then onto the next. Through this procedure, the general public can accomplish fundamental social congruity and guarantee that its customary qualities, convictions, mentalities and goals are kept up and saved. Clarks (1948) saw that a general information and acknowledgment of the standards and points of our general public is basic f or every one of its residents, and it must be accomplished through instruction yet in a structure, which makes it good with opportunity. So he accommodates the twofold reason by saying that in fact, the motivation behind the educative society might be to make men similar. In any case, overmastering that must be the reason to make men free. A general public needs a steady and dynamic arrangement of qualities and a ,brought together reason. It is the point at which this is learned that important financial, political and social projects can be set out upon for the general advantages of the residents. To be a completely built up an individual in such a general public, infers full and inventive enrollment of it with forces to transform it. Ottaway (1980) battled that the transmission of culture despite everything stays an essential capacity, and isn't to be excused as only moderate in the feeling of being antiquated. He further saw that our kids are conceivably the general public of things to come, which despite everything has a place with the non-social network, and instruction in this regard can be viewed as a socialization of the youthful. Training relies upon the absolute lifestyle of a people in a general public. This recommends the sort of instruction gave will vary from society to society. Also, every general public has her own standards, qualities and her own optimal people who stand apart plainly for the more youthful ages to imitate. Since every one of these social orders are not the equivalent, at that point it implies that a man is viewed as a legend in one society as a result of his commitments to instructive improvement of the general public may not be viewed as such in another general public where training isn't given need in the plan of their day by day exercises. It, along these lines, suggests that youngsters have various individuals to copy in various social orders. It is coherent to expect that the sort training given in every general public will change now and again as the general public changes. Numerous authors have contended that instruction is one of the reasons for social change in the general public, yet another way of thinking is of the supposition, that instructive change will in general follow different socialâ changes, as opposed to start them. Ottaway (1980) saw that thoughts of progress begin in the psyches of men; regularly in the brain of a solitary man. Uncommon people imagine new strat egies and propound new qualities for their general public. These thoughts emerge from the effect of man on his way of life, however don't change the way of life until they are shared and transmitted by a social gathering. In his own accommodation, Boocock (1972) noticed that social orders experiencing fast social change or modernization have uncommon issues in adjusting the instructive framework to the labor needs of the world. They frequently endure deficiencies of people with extraordinary sort of training in designing and other specialized fields and may experience issues in keeping people with important abilities once they have finished their instruction. Another territory of the connection among instruction and society is through the course of action of the whole society into a various leveled request that is, through the social structure wherein training plays a conspicuous and noteworthy job in fixing taught people into social classes. Ottaway (1980) saw that training is the way toward planning individuals to fit into this perplexing social structure and to assume specific social jobs as individuals from more than one institutional gathering. People need to figure out how to be fathers or moms, teachers or government employees, businesspeople or ministers. They need to figure out how to keep the law, to see how they are represented and to be set up to attempt to change the social moves when they see that they can be improved. Instruction as a social wonder is additionally worried about the readiness of the youngster for his future occupation throughout everyday life. This is one of the fundamental monetary elements of instruction and this is in light of a legitimate concern for both the country and the person. Through training an individual knows the structure of the general public and the various sorts of connections that exist among those structures in the general public. The kid is instructed how to perform vari ous jobs inside the social structure in the general public. These jobs are between related. For instance, the job of a dad is a social job; a dad could be a child to someone else. So training permits the kid to play out his job enough inside the social structure in the general public. Moreover, the youngster can comprehend the system of between connections among the distinctive social organizations that make up the general public. . Likewise of significance are the various capacities that are performed by every social foundation in the general public. Like an individual, every foundation has unequivocal capacities to act in the general public and the elements of every establishment vary starting with one then onto the next despite the fact that they are complimentary. Another part of the connection among training and society is in the territory of social cooperation. Social communication might be characterized as any connection among individuals and gatherings, which changes the conduct of the individuals in the gathering. There is a requirement for social cooperation by the youngster before he could get the way of life of his general public. This collaboration in the general public is in this way part of the child’s instruction, gave that, that sort of association achieves positive changes in the child’s conduct the correct way as required by the instructive framework. One significant point here is that the youngster has been partaking in bunch connection some time before he begins to go to class and the most well-known among these gathering cooperations are inside the family and the friend gathering. These gatherings where th

How to Stay Focused in Class

How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class For many students, their academic workload involves at least 5 lectures a week ranging from 60 minutes to 3 hours in duration. From start to finish, students experience a range of emotions including boredom, hunger, confusion, engagement, and the list goes on. Certainly, with so many thoughts and feelings being experienced while new information is being presented, it can become increasingly easy to lose focus. Lectures provide new information that is sure to help you on class assignments and likely appear on your final exams. In recognizing the importance of your time spent in class, here are tips on how to stay focused. Turn Off Your WiFi More often than not, students will bring their laptops and cellphones to class to take notes. This means that they have easy access to the glorious world wide web which is full of distractions. What is the point of going to class if you’re going to spend all of your time on Pinterest, Facebook, and Twitter? Remove the temptation of social media by turning off your WiFi and cellphone. If the temptation is too great altogether, try handwriting your notes and leave your laptop in your bag. Sit Away From Friends Since you see your classmates all the time, it’s easy to form friendships over your common interests. This is great for your social life, but it may impact your studies if your friends constantly distract you during lectures. Sitting by yourself will allow you to stay focused on new material and you can always compare your notes after to see their perspective on the material as well. If you absolutely cannot avoid sitting with your friends, arrive to class moments before the lecture begins and choose a seat away from them. You can easily blame your tardiness on having to take the first seat you saw available. Prepare Your Materials You have a dedicated amount of time per class each week so it’s important to make the most of it. Many professors will post their lecture slides online at the beginning of the year (or at least the day before class) giving you time to review these slides. The course syllabus also allows you to know the reading material related to that week’s lecture. By familiarizing yourself with the material beforehand, you can come to class better prepared with any questions and know which portions of the lecture you will need to focus on more than others. Pack Some Snacks When hunger strikes, it’s easy to become irritable, fatigued, and have a hard time learning new information. If you find yourself hungry during lectures and constantly thinking about what you’re going to eat after class, try packing snacks such as a granola bar, crackers with cheese, yogurt, or any other protein and carbohydrate combo that will surely leave you feeling energized and full. Learning new information is exciting and can be challenging; don’t make it any harder than it needs to be and take advantage of these classes that you have paid for. By removing distractions and coming to class well-prepared, you’ll be on your way to academic success in no time. Know someone who could benefit from focusing more in class? Share this article with them! How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class How to Stay Focused in Class For many students, their academic workload involves at least 5 lectures a week ranging from 60 minutes to 3 hours in duration. From start to finish, students experience a range of emotions including boredom, hunger, confusion, engagement, and the list goes on. Certainly, with so many thoughts and feelings being experienced while new information is being presented, it can become increasingly easy to lose focus. Lectures provide new information that is sure to help you on class assignments and likely appear on your final exams. In recognizing the importance of your time spent in class, here are tips on how to stay focused. Turn Off Your WiFi More often than not, students will bring their laptops and cellphones to class to take notes. This means that they have easy access to the glorious world wide web which is full of distractions. What is the point of going to class if you’re going to spend all of your time on Pinterest, Facebook, and Twitter? Remove the temptation of social media by turning off your WiFi and cellphone. If the temptation is too great altogether, try handwriting your notes and leave your laptop in your bag. Sit Away From Friends Since you see your classmates all the time, it’s easy to form friendships over your common interests. This is great for your social life, but it may impact your studies if your friends constantly distract you during lectures. Sitting by yourself will allow you to stay focused on new material and you can always compare your notes after to see their perspective on the material as well. If you absolutely cannot avoid sitting with your friends, arrive to class moments before the lecture begins and choose a seat away from them. You can easily blame your tardiness on having to take the first seat you saw available. Prepare Your Materials You have a dedicated amount of time per class each week so it’s important to make the most of it. Many professors will post their lecture slides online at the beginning of the year (or at least the day before class) giving you time to review these slides. The course syllabus also allows you to know the reading material related to that week’s lecture. By familiarizing yourself with the material beforehand, you can come to class better prepared with any questions and know which portions of the lecture you will need to focus on more than others. Pack Some Snacks When hunger strikes, it’s easy to become irritable, fatigued, and have a hard time learning new information. If you find yourself hungry during lectures and constantly thinking about what you’re going to eat after class, try packing snacks such as a granola bar, crackers with cheese, yogurt, or any other protein and carbohydrate combo that will surely leave you feeling energized and full. Learning new information is exciting and can be challenging; don’t make it any harder than it needs to be and take advantage of these classes that you have paid for. By removing distractions and coming to class well-prepared, you’ll be on your way to academic success in no time. Know someone who could benefit from focusing more in class? Share this article with them!

Planned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And...

â€Å"Nothing matters.† That quote attributed to Ambrose Bierce may be true in some cases. It may be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Parenthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together with a staff of experts in medicine, sexual health, advocacy, communications, and law, these leaders offer a robust vision and common sense solutions designed to protect women’s health and safety and the basic human rights of us all.†(â€Å"Our Leadership† par. 2) In overview, Planned Parenthood is an underappreciated healthcare resource that has helped terminate/prevent unwanted pregnancy, contributed to vital medical research, and educated persons of all ages in matters including sexuality and safe practices/choices. Planned Parenthood has recently been in the national spotlight due to the number abortions the facilities across the United States conduct. While Planned Parenthood clients have an 80% reach out rate due to unwanted pregnancy, only 3% of their services are abortion related. Planned Parenthood reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies worldwide by 516 000 each year. The organizationShow MoreRelatedPlanned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And Safety And The Basic Human Rights1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Pare nthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together withRead MoreOverpopulation And Resource Conflict And Allocation1741 Words   |  7 Pagesranked sixth in the 2013 Human Development Index, fourth in The Heritage Foundation’s 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, and 13th in the INSEAD’s 2012 Global Innovation Index. 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The Crime Scene Of A Homicide Investigation - 903 Words

Introduction: In a homicide investigation, one must take several steps to prepare. The first of which is to make oneself familiar with all of the processes that will be involved. This includes not only police and investigative work but also the processes that the body will be going through. The most important part of investigating a crime is that the officers and detectives know and understand the entire process. Familiarizing Oneself to Death Investigation Process As a detective on her first homicide case, Detective Scales would familiarize herself with the process completely before taking a single step inside the crime scene. The most important part of keeping a crime scene controlled and evidence accurate is all parties involved being aware and knowledgable of the processes and regulations. It is one thing to learn what they teach through the academy and schooling, and another to do research on one’s own to have complete understanding. Adcock and Chancellor state in Death Investigations that the first part of an investigation is determine cause and manner of death (p.1-2). The cause of death is determined by a coroner or other official, while manner of death is determined by the circumstances of the crime. Manner of death would be declaring a death a homicide. Then, after this has been done, homicide detectives such as Detective Scales would be called in. The body will have investig ative processes done to it and the scene as well before being sent to the morgue.Show MoreRelatedEthical Considerations in the Legal Prosecution of Robbery and Murder Cases926 Words   |  4 Pagesessay, the author will consider the various ethical considerations and problems that will need to be addressed in the legal prosecution of a robbery and a murder case. 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First, let’sRead MoreReconstructing the Past Essays1155 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Sever Criminal Investigation Unit 2: Reconstructing the Past As we are covering unit two within our discussion and seminar. As the assignment was presented to us. We have to discuss the methods of inquiry and how they are used in criminal investigations, then the steps to reconstruct a case and how we illustrate the concepts through a hearsay case, then understanding the fundamentals are identified witness, offenders, connecting evidence from the scene. A method of inquiry mustRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. 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When a crime has been reported, the responding officer and/or detective have to note the dispatch information such as address/location, time, date, typeRead MoreWhat is the importance of Criminal Profiling?1311 Words   |  4 PagesProfiling? By Tiffany Collier Criminal Profiling is a great way to try to understand the suspect as a person. It is necessary to learn who the individual is in order to track and locate them. The person’s information is vital to an investigation. Things such as habits, history of violence, family, education, schedules/routines, and personality traits just to name a few. This new development of investigating is helpful in obtaining fugitives quicker. Law enforcement is trying to be more

Atomic Bomb †World War II Free Essays

World War II is known for acts of heroism on both sides, as well as controversial decisions. One major event that has long been debated was the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The reason Japan was threatened by the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Atomic Bomb – World War II or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. with the Atomic bomb was to force them to surrender. The war would have taken much longer had an invasion been attempted. An invasion would have cost more lives for both sides than the bombings. The Allies were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first reason the bombing was justified was that it was the most viable way to force the Japanese to surrender. The Allied offer of the Potsdam Conference on July 26, 1945 stating that the war would end only when the Japanese surrendered and gave up Emperor Hirohito. This offer was completely unacceptable to the Japanese, who, at the time, regarded their emperor as a god and declined the Postdam demands without thinking twice. President Harry S Truman was in a situation where he could not change the terms of the offer, because the American citizens wanted Hirohito imprisoned, if not executed after the bombing of pearl harbor. Changing the terms of the offer would also be regarded as a sign of weakness on the Americans’ part, which was unacceptable during a time of war. After the crushing defeats of the U. S. over the Japanese at Iwo Jima and Okinawa were also very decisive battles that the U. S. won where the Japanese did not give up; showing there loyalty to their emperor and the fact that they wouldn’t give up. Meanwhile, as the U. S. was picking off all of the strategic islands around Japan, the Japanese were still building there defense up. This too proved they would not give up. Another reason that the Americans were justified in dropping the bomb was that it ended the war much more quickly than would an invasion. Many Americans had already been killed in the battles against Japan, and Truman’s main goals were to save American lives and get his troops home as soon as possible. The second of the two atomic bombs was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 and the Japanese surrendered 5 days later on August 14, 1945. The alternative to the use of the atomic bomb, an invasion over land, had been scheduled for November 1 had the bombing not succeeded or had it been cancelled. This invasion could have dragged on for months, if not years. Japan also had no defense for the destruction of the cities. If they had no defense they would have to surrender ending the war early. The third, final, and most important reason the Americans were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Japan was that the bombings claimed far less lives than would have been taken during an invasion. Between the two cities, there was estimated to have been approximately 115,000 deaths as a result of the bombings. President Truman estimated that as many as one million American soldiers would have died in an invasion of Japan. Also the Soviet Union was about to invade Japan. This would cause the Soviets to have a lot of influence in the United States’ decisions in the far east. President Truman intended the atomic bomb to be a way to end the war at a minimum cost of American lives. The use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a justified strategy on the Allies’ part. A Japanese surrender was impossible due to the political landscape before the bombings. The war would have dragged on much longer had the bomb not been dropped and an invasion carried out instead. The bombings claimed fewer lives than an invasion would have. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought a decisive end to the Second World War, as well as beginning the nuclear age; changing the world forever. How to cite Atomic Bomb – World War II, Essays

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Essay Example

Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand Paper Rhetoric has been defined and analysis in different ways, therefore to study the role of rhetoric in society it is important first to define the term itself. Rhetoric according to the dictionary is the Art of effective or persuasive speech or writing1. Farrell defines rhetoric as the collaborative art of addressing and guiding decision and judgement2 and suggests it is a public language3 for successful cultures. Rhetoric therefore means the art of using language to persuade or influence the human subject. It is usually applied to persuasive attempts directed at an audience, often in some formal or institutional setting.4 Rhetoric plays a huge role in influencing public opinion therefore in order to confront the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda it is important first to outline the meaning of the two terms Truth and Propaganda. The dictionary suggests a broad definition of the word truth: Truth- Quality or state of being true5, this definition however, does not give a substantial enough meaning of the word. Truth is something that you believe to be right, a testing of ideas that are believed to be reliable. This is my own definition of truth, which I believe outlines what truth constitutes of. We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propagand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jowett and ODonnell define propaganda as means to disseminate or promote particular ideas6 the definition goes further in explaining that Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist7. This definition of propaganda focuses on the communicative process and most specifically the purpose of the process, the purpose being to send out an ideology to an audience with a related objective. My own perception of propaganda, in its most neutral sense, is that propaganda is a set of ideas put out politically. This essay will consider the way in which public rhetoric can be used for persuasive purposes. Political speech/es and movie speeches will form the basis of my analysis. Talk is often called a speech event. A speech which urges the audience to do, say, feel, or think something8 A speech event is orientated to achieving goals predicated on the existence of an audience and is described by the linguist Hymes as an occurrence of speech within a larger context.9 Political speeches operate within this context. When a speech event takes place it is important to note that what is said is governed by the intention of the speakers within a given context, (both the immediate situation and the wider social context), as well as by the available discourses in the language and the situation in particular. The discourse used will consist of a particular form and content, taken from a set of available discourses. In Tony Blairs speech (July 17,2003) he addresses the U.S Congress in accepting the Congressional Gold Medal. The speech is given in a formal setting. Blair as a leader has authority and his authority is acknowledged by his followers or sub-ordinates, this assembly of such individuals create the appropriate conditions of speech making, however, Blair is not only addressing these individuals but also the electronic public sphere, so his speech becomes for public consumption. The speech opens with a direct address to Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President (and the) honorable members of Congress. The audiences both locally present and listening to the broadcast are also being addressed in this speech. The prime minister first shows respect for the status of the distinguished individuals, then later cleverly reduces them all to the common level of citizens of the great republic making them all seem equal. We were all reared on battles between great warriors, between great nations, between powerful forces and ideologies that dominated entire continents. Immediate uses of rhetorical devices are evident in this statement. Here we witness, the employment of the inclusive we along with the repetition of the word between to emphasise his points. The use of the personal pronoun we attempts to position the audience, the idea being that this type of address attempts to represent the interests and opinions of Blair and audience as identical. Public speaking attempts to position its audience (Atkinson, 1984) Therefore there is a strong link between language and power, what is being said is related to Blairs power as Prime Minister. Blair affiliates himself with his primary audience the U.S Congress aswell his secondary audience the public. Within the first few lines of the speech we see the uses of antithetic parallelism. The first antithesis is in a notbut structure. by showing them (service men and women) and their families that they did not strive or die in vain, but that through their sacrifice future generations can live in greater peace, prosperity and hope. Here we witness assertion, an example of contrast or juxtaposition and an affiliation with the public expressed with the use of families. All writing and texts make references to the world that we know and Blair too does this in his speech: Through the troubled times since September 11th changed our world, we have been allies and friends September 11 was not an isolated event, but a tragic prologue From this statement we get reference to the accepted existence of certain events. All writing or text depends on pre-existing themes to make its point. (Barker, 1989) Blair later addresses themes about terrorism. The Prime-Minister voices his opinions openly and is interested in colloquial language, sympathetic circularity and the habit of speaking from experience. He presents himself as a reasonably ordinary person and talks about his son. Actually, you know, my middle son was studying 18th century history and the American war of Independence Here we witness, the use of colloquial language you know and yet another form of identification with the public. The lexis of the speech comes from everyday speech, there are no specialists or obscure terms and most sentences are simple structurally, this therefore allows an easier understanding in the audience. He then goes on to talk about belief: In the end it is not our power alone that will defeat this evil. Our ultimate weapon is not our guns, but our beliefs Belief is a firm conviction in the existence or rightness of something, however this differs from position. The belief of a politician and the expression of that belief differentiate greatly. What Blair says is not necessarily what he believes. However, all politicians are aware that they have to act in a particular context bearing in mind the welfare and well being of an audience. All social actors have goals, make moves, take turns, employ tactics and work out strategies (Nofsinger, 1991) He continues: There is a myth that though we love freedom, others dont; that our attachment to freedom is a product of our culture; that freedom, democracy, human rights, the rule of law are American values, or Western values; that afghan women were content under the lash of the Taliban; that Saddam was somehow beloved by his people; that Milosevic was Serbias savior The key word here is freedom. Freedom can be economical, cultural or political, in this sense he talks about Freedom for all, not just for those in a western society. Ours are not western values; they are the universal values of human spirit. And anywhereAnywhere, anytime ordinary people are given the chance to choose, the choice is the same: freedom, not tyranny; democracy, not dictatorship; the rule of law; not the rule of the secret police. Here he presents a series of oppositions and makes use of contrast to put his point across. His points consist of a three part list and include the repetition of anywhere emphasizing the idea that freedom is a universal value and can be present anywhere in the world. He uses further parallelisms to get his point across: The spread of freedom is the best security for the free. It is our last line of defense and our first line of attack. And just as the terrorist seeks to divide humanity in hate, so we have to unify it around an idea. And that idea is liberty. In other words, in oppositional terms, the terrorists attack and divide and the allies (Britain and America) defend and unify. This could be described as what Jowett and ODonnell call White propaganda. White propaganda is when the source is identified correctly and the information in the message tends to be accurateAlthough what listeners hear is reasonably close to the truth, it is presented in the manner that attempts to convince the audience that the sender is the good guy with the best ideas and political ideology.10 Each speaker has a purpose; Blair for example, has the purpose of increasing the morale of the British and American people after or throughout the war on terror. Politicians have a tendency to use the word freedom vastly in the public arena, both in speeches and party election broadcasts. Blairs speech is built around a tired clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- the importance of freedom, the need for it, how other cherished values depend on it and how it will triumph. This is his way of justifying the war in Iraq. He concludes his talk on freedom with the words of Abraham Lincoln: We must find the strength to fight for this idea and the compassion to make it universal. Abraham Lincoln said Those that deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves and it is this sense of justice that makes moral love a liberty The speech is bombarded with references to freedom and being free. Rhetorical questions, assertions, three part lists and contrast and juxtaposition are present throughout the speech till its end, and these are all common features of public rhetoric. Some of the most famous examples of public rhetoric have been produced by military leaders preparing troops for battle. These speeches, both real and fictitious, usually demonstrate the great motivating power of what Aristotle calls pathos. Pathos (emotional proof) is the feeling the speech draws from the hearers. In the film Braveheart (1995) the scene in which William Wallace addresses the Scottish Army at Stirling provides such a speech. Wallace establishes his credentials and introduces himself. He then goes on to address the idea of freedom: You have come to fight as free men, and free men you are. What would you do without freedom, will you fight? He uses the personal pronoun you to address the whole collective. The basic difference between Blairs speech and Wallaces speech is that Blair talks about making freedom a universal theme as many countries do not have it. Wallace speaks of freedom in a patriotic manner. They may take our lives, but theyll never take our freedom. In this context, the soldiers answer back and have the right to speak-one of the key concepts of freedom. In a political context, only the speaker expresses his beliefs and ideas and the audience is positioned in a way to accept these beliefs and ideas imposed on them. The movie scene in which General Maximus Meridius addresses Caesar Commodus in the film Gladiator (2000) provides another example of Rhetoric in movie speeches. My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, Commander of the Armies of the North, General of the Felix Legions, loyal servant to the true emperor, Marcus Aurelius, father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife, and I will have my vengeance in this life-or the next11 The speech begins with a formal mode of address; he introduces himself and creates an assertion. He then goes on to assert his authority, Commander; General; loyal servant; Father and Husband are all terms or names linked with authority. The second, third and fourth assertion consist of a three part list reiterating his authority, however his fifth, sixth and seventh assertions express an undesired state of affairs. His wife and child have been murdered and he wants his revenge. In this short address a narrative is established, which consists of a storyline used by the storyteller. The themes which emerge most clearly in the course of the narrative concern masculinity, power, heroism and the nature of group leadership. Narrative should not be seen as simply a fictional practice, as human beings report everyday events and encounters in the form of narrative. Central to the study of rhetoric is the audience. Responses to persuasion Conclusion/s In addressing the idea that Public rhetoric creates a society in which truth comes a poor second to propaganda I conclude that public rhetoric has both a positive and negative condition to it in society. In Blairs speech there is a sincere concern for the welfare of the audience. Certain ideas and messages are selected by him and imposed on the audience, this does, therefore mean that the selection of this information is biased as he chooses what to tell the audience and what to keep from them, however Blair does not use rhetoric in a negative, manipulative or dishonest way, he simply uses persuasive techniques to get his point across. In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle, with regard to persuasion indicated that a crafty person could artfully manipulate the instruments of rhetoric for either honest or dishonest terms. Depending upon which end is desired, the use of rhetorical devices is judged accordingly: ifthe aim be good, the cleverness is praiseworthy; but if it be bad, it becomes craft.12 A speaker faced with having to articulate a message on a public platform e.g. Tony Blair with the knowledge that it would gain a wider circulation, would perhaps be more circumspect in his subject matter or address. More Importantly, Blair might frame the message using a rhetorical construction as I have shown. Propaganda is a form of communication that is different from persuasion because it attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Blairs message is not that of propaganda. To identify as message as propaganda is to suggest something negative and dishonest, words frequently used as synonyms for propaganda are lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation and brainwashing. Many of these synonyms are suggestive of techniques of message production rather than purpose or process. Blairs purpose is to keep the interests and well being of the public audience at heart, he does not lie or distort information, however he may hide the truth from us in places are he believes it is for the best. No audience, no matter how perverse in its own needs, will put up with hearing that they are being manipulated and used to fulfill anothers selfish needs. Thus the propagandist cannot reveal the true intent of the message. 13 However, as Althusser argues the media are ideological state apparatus; they produce meanings in the audience. The voice of the author in a novel, speech, advertisement or television program guides us through, the text or story; therefore it is not necessarily true as we as readers are not allowed to align ourselves with a particular character, person, and situation. In Blairs speech, what you see on the surface does not necessarily tell you about the truth of the world. There are structures that you cant see for example, the economic status, political status or public relations between classes and races. We are colored by dominant ideology which influences our beliefs and ideas; so on the other hand, manipulation can be seen as an instrument of ideology. In comparison to Blairs speech, the speeches in the examples given, although fictitious, rhetoric is used in a positive retrospect as both characters do not try to manipulate their audiences but try to persuade them.

Leonard Peltier Case essays

Leonard Peltier Case essays One of the modern Native Americans' most prominent leaders, Leonard Peltier, was arrested in the summer of 1975 and eventually sentenced to two life terms for a crime many believe he did not commit. The conviction and imprisonment of Leonard Peltier is an injustice. His prosecution by the United States government represents yet another attempt to snuff out American Indian culture and leaders. The outspokenness of Peltier and other AIM members may be the only reason why Leonard Peltier has sat in prison for the last 24 years. Leonard Peltier is a Native American of mixed blood, being approximately 75 percent Sioux blood. His early life could be there story of almost any Native American growing up in the 1960's. Born in Grand Forks, ND, he was raised in poverty on "the res,"" as Peltier says in his book, My Life Is My Sundance, "My Grandfather used to come home from the store with our rations, and I would always ask him why he couldn't bring more" (24). Peltier was later removed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to a boarding school after his grandfather passed away. This unsanctioned removal was Leonard's first taste of the intrusion of the US Government into Native American life. At the school, the BIA attempted to strip all Indian qualities, including cutting the boy's long hair. The school was ruled by a strict superintendent, which meant frequent and excessive punishments. "The sound of a child being struck and the screaming and crying that follows still haunts me today. I can't bear t o see a child spanked" (Peltier, 26). A few years later, a teenaged Peltier was allowed to call home and go back living with his family on the Turtle Ridge Reservation in North Dakota. He soon received his first taste of racism when a group of white boys began throwing rocks at him. As Leonard relates in Peter Matthiessen's In The Spirit Of Crazy Horse, "One of the older ones said, He's a dirty...

Direct-Object Pronouns in Spanish

Direct-Object Pronouns in Spanish In Spanish as in English, a direct object is a noun or pronoun that is directly acted upon by a verb. In a sentence such as I see Sam, Sam is the direct object of see because Sam is who is seen. But in a sentence such as I am writing Sam a letter, Sam is the indirect objects. The item being written is letter, so it is the direct object. Sam is the indirect object as one who is affected by the verbs action on the direct object. A difference with Spanish, however, is that the set of pronouns that can be direct objects differs slightly from those that can be indirect objects. The 8 Direct-Object Pronouns of Spanish Here are the direct-object pronouns along with the most common English translations and examples of their uses: me - me - Juan puede verme. (John can see me.)te - you (singular familiar) - No te conoce. (He doesnt know you.)lo - you (singular masculine formal), him, it - No puedo verlo. (I cant see you, or I cant see him, or I cant see it.)la - you (singular feminine formal), her, it - No puedo verla. (I cant see you, or I cant see her, or I cant see it.)nos - us - Nos conocen. (They know us.)os - you (plural familiar) - Os ayudarà ©. (I will help you.)los - you (plural formal, masculine or mixed masculine and feminine), them (masculine or mixed masculine and feminine) - Los oigo. (I hear you, or I hear them.)las - you (plural feminine formal), them (feminine) - Las oigo. (I hear you, or I hear them.) The differences between these pronouns and the indirect objects are found in the third person. The indirect third-person pronouns are le and les. Note that lo, la, los, and las can refer to either people or things. If they are referring to things, be sure to use the same gender as the name of the object being referred to. Example: Where the noun is masculine: Tengo dos boletos.  ¿Los quieres? (I have two tickets. Do you want them?)Where the noun is feminine: Tengo dos rosas.  ¿Las quieres? (I have two roses. Do you want them?) If you dont know the gender of the direct object, you should use lo or los: No sà © lo que es porque no lo vi. (I dont know what it is because I did not see it.) Word Order and Direct-Object Pronouns As you can see from the above examples, the location of a direct-object pronoun can vary. In most cases, it can be placed before the verb. Alternatively, it can be attached to an infinitive (the form of the verb that ends in -ar, -er or -ir) or a present participle (the form of the verb that ends in -ndo, often the equivalent of English verbs that end in -ing). Each sentence in the following pairs has the same meaning: No lo puedo ver, and no puedo verlo (I cant see him).Te estoy ayudando, and estoy ayudndote (I am helping you). Note that when the direct object is added to a present participle, it is necessary to add a written accent to the last syllable of the stem so that the stress is on the proper syllable. Direct-object pronouns follow affirmative commands (telling someone to do something) but precede negative commands (telling someone not to do something): està ºdialo (study it), but no lo estudies (dont study it). Note again that an accent needs to be added when adding the object to the end of positive commands. Le as a Direct Object In some parts of Spain, le can substitute for lo as a direct object when it means him but not it. Less commonly in some areas, les can substitute for los when referring to people. You can learn more about this phenomenon in the lesson on leà ­smo. Sample Sentences Showing Use of Direct Objects Direct objects are shown in boldface: Me interesa comprarlo, pero ms tarde. (I am interested in buying it, but much later. The me in this sentence is an indirect object.)Tu nariz est torcida porque tu madre la rompià ³ cuando eras nià ±o. (Your nose is bent because your mother broke it when you were a boy. La is used here because it refers to nariz, which is feminine.)Puedes vernos en el episodio 14. Nos puedes ver en el episodio 14. (You can see us in Episode 14. Both of these sentences mean the same thing, as the direct object can either come before the verbs or attached to the infinitive.)Te quiero mucho. (I love you a lot.) Key Takeaways A direct object is a noun or pronoun that is acted on directly by a verb.In Spanish, direct- and indirect-object pronouns can differ in the third person, unlike in English.When the direct object of a verb is the equivalent of it, in Spanish you need to vary the gender of the pronoun according to the gender of the noun being referred to.

English Language Learner do not Need to Become Perfect Speakers Essay

English Language Learner do not Need to Become Perfect Speakers - Essay Example One of the popular perceptions is that English learners needs to be perfect in the learning and should acquire the capability to speak flawless English. This is not a true scenario and it is just a general perception which could be disproved. It is not that the world comprises only of those people who know to read, write and speak English (Carrasquillo, A 1994). This paper will deal with the popular perceptions that are generally associated with language and its uses. Through a thorough, analysis and discussion, the paper will open up through facts that a person who is learning English need not have a great command over it in order to attain success in all of his dealings. It will also bring a clear picture that not all are good at English and there is no necessity to be afraid of being singled out in the learning process. Learning the basics of English is necessary for an effective communication and if one can put across the information confidently in an understandable manner, then the purpose is served well. There are different versions of English language available in the global scenario and this stands evidence that the language does not have a particular form. It adapts and evolves according to the place where the language is spoken. Thus, the essential part here remains the ability to communicate to the other party so that they can understand what is being said. Many people across the world give preference in learning their native language and take up English only as their second language. Except few English speaking countries, a vast majority of countries have only second language English speakers. This stands evident to the fact that a person who is learning the language need not be too specific about speaking perfect, flawless English as the person may often get to interact with other second language speakers of English rather than perfect English speakers (Mukherjee, J & Hundt, M 2011). Business English is fast evolving as the perfect medium of commun ication when it comes to trade and commerce. Business English learning is taken by non-native people who want to learn English as a second language. The learning form helps the people to communicate effectively in the world business forum and they were able to turn out great results using the communication. In this particular form of English learning, the rules as to strict grammar and sentences are not used; rather, the language is used for communicating effectively so that the other party can get to understand the conveyed message immediately. All the aspects of business communications like presentations, meetings and negotiations can be delivered with greater efficiency (Goudswaard, G 2006) If we take the case of International English, it is not something that is too perfect if the rules of English are concerned but it is the widely used form of communication. The world is composed of people speaking different languages and thus, it is not a necessity that the perfect English spe aker tag need to be carried around. Ultimately, we need to deal with more number of second languages English speakers than the native English speakers. All that the second language English speaker needs to do is to master the art of putting across the information in an understandable manner and there is no necessity to make rigid. In fact, many people would prefer a casual business discussion where only the subject matter of discussion is given utmost importance rather

Final reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final reflection - Essay Example With the help of my tutors I have been able to assess my progress in both learning and writing depending on my improved efficiency in terms of creating texts from what I learn. In the thought of Earl personal assessment helps a student gauge their strengths and weaknesses in their education system (56). My writing process has been significant in my experience and an active learner. My writing has shifted from simple writing to a much complex form of writing based on the complexity of the content. The content in my texts have grown significantly showing that I have been able to be an active writer based on the skills and experience in acquire in class. Apart from the content, the creation of words and texts in my texts can now be related to mature student. My performance in writing has been steady and exceptional since my first inducement in writing. The same sentiments can be shared in my active learning process. Based on attentiveness, the ability to apply skills taught, completing tasks effectively and relating to activities in class to real world experiences. According to Earl, learning is measured by the way in which an individual completes test that involves the application of learned materials (77). My experience in close reading and contextualization has grown significantly since I have acquired more efficient reading and text analysis skills. The ability of a student to read and analyze texts effectively is based on their prowess in their reading skills and comprehension skills which is acquired through active learning. Working with peers in my active learning and writing process has been helpful is sharpening my skills working with my peers has greatly increased my communication skills. My ability of creating studying and professional relationships has also been increased by my involvement in working with my peers. In an argument by Earl, learning systems should have peer based tools to help boost the studying ability of all students though a related a nd appropriate support (87). In my relationship to my class I have learned a lot in the practices and activities the class have been involved in. I have been participating in numerous class activities including groups activities based on tasks provided by instructors. In group tasks I have led different groups towards completion of requirements such as reading and writing assignments, creating projects outlines, completing research projects and engaging in oral contests. Apart from learning from these activities, groups’ activities in class enhanced my relationship in thus class in terms of having the will to learn and being happy in my learning environment. According to Earl, in active learning the type of perception a learner creates in their class /environment is important in their quest for education (123). Additionally, other participations in my class revolved around completing different forms of assignments. For instance, I completed annotated bibliographies, research assignments, oral and practical exams, projects, interviews, text critiques and final exams and continuous assessment tests. These assessment tools increased my level of concentration and participation in class activities. At the beginning of my class, I had poor writing and learning skills. I did not have the ability to create visual creations of what I acquired in class. This was only to change if I had to create an effective relationship with

The Characteristics Of Culture Theology Religion Essay

The Characteristics Of Culture Theology Religion Essay Biologically speaking, we humans are social beings. We need our parents to be born, and once that happens; even though we are considered single individuals with a brain and mind that let us think and learn, we do not isolate ourselves from the rest of the people. On the contrary, all we do is to follow our peers. We gather in groups, and these groups constitute subgroups again. This is the basic method we follow to successfully organise and build up our social structure to satisfy our several needs. The first of these groups is our family, and from here we span to neighbourhoods; communities of different kinds, that we joined based on a particular interest, such as: religious, sports, academic, musical, labour, political, ideological, etc. These groups grow in number to form states and then countries or nations. All these people together establish a society. Societies differ from one another and every single one of them is unique, particular and characterised for a distinctive feature that we call culture. Culture is that complex absoluteness that we learn day by day. It is everything with which we fill and give sense to our existence. The way we wear, think, believe, act, speak, perceive are all framed and shaped by the ideas, concepts, values that are part of a specific culture. Through culture we learn to adapt ourselves in this physical world, manipulating the available resources for our own welfare and we also shape our behaviour to avoid a social chaos. Concepts of Culture Culture is neither natural nor artificial. It stems from neither genetics nor rational thought, for it is made up of rules of conduct, which were not invented and whose function is generally not understood by the people who obey them. Some of these rules are residues of traditions acquired in the different types of social structure through which each human group has passed. Other rules have been consciously accepted or modified for the sake of specific goals. Yet there is no doubt that, between the instincts inherited from our genotype and the rules inspired by reason, the mass of unconscious rules remains more important and more effective; because reason itself is a product rather than a cause of cultural evolution. Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss, 1983. Culture means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learnt by each generation. A culture is less precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristic of a given society, or of a group of societies, or of a certain race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time. Margaret Mead, 1937. Culture is the integral whole consisting of implements and consumers goods, of constitutional charters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and customs. Whether we consider a very simple or primitive culture or an extremely complex and developed one, we are confronted by a vast apparatus, partly material, partly human, and partly spiritual, by which man is able to cope with the concrete specific problems that face him. Bronislaw Malinowski, 1944. Culture embraces all the manifestations of social behavior of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the groups in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits. Franz Boas, 1930. Characteristics of Culture Culture is learnt: as soon as we are in contact with other members of our culture, we start learning all about it; therefore, we can assume that culture is learnt rather than inherited biologically. A human being will learn the culture of the society where he is raised; thus, a person that is born in Australia would not practise the same culture if he had been born in Poland. In this context we are different from animals since they are biologically built in a way that they will know how to behave and act naturally even if they grew in isolation. Culture is shared: if culture is learnt, we can state that it is also shared. We share all knowledge among the members of the same society. This way we pass on the standards of our culture along years keeping it alive. As we are social beings, we have a high tendency of sharing and this feature let us improve as a whole. By sharing we provide the necessary tools that are used for a gentle adaptation in all stages and environments we go through in our lives. Culture is integrated: culture itself is not a single unit. It is a complex whole in which every feature that characterizes it has an important role that makes that culture distinctive and peculiar. All these features function integrated and not separately from one another. This way when a feature changes, it affects to the whole system making it also swift. Culture is dynamic: there are some reasons such as: population growth, technological innovation, environmental crisis, intrusion of outsiders, modification of behaviour, etc; that have made cultures change. That is why cultures must be flexible and dynamic in order to adapt constantly to the new changes and avoid repression of his members. Culture is based on symbols: culture has been transmitted among its members along the years through a set of different symbols. Symbols are then the instrument used to pass on culture and keep it alive from generation to generation, and language is the most important one. Functions of Culture According to Bronislaw Malinowski (1884 1942) the function of culture is to fulfill certain biological and psychological needs people share. Cultures are expected to fulfill certain functions in order to lead a society successfully and some of them might me: Guarantee the biological continuity of its members. Provide practical means to pass on knowledge among members. Meet the psychological and emotional needs of its members. Being flexible enough in order to survive the increasing shifting conditions. Offer strategies for the rational production and distribution of goods and services considered necessary for life. Provide an organised and diverse social structure so that all its members can fit in it and also understand the world in their own means. Facilitate social interactions among its members and offer reasonable ways to avoid or resolve conflicts that might rise within the group as well as with outsiders. Allow human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes. Social interactions do not refer to only relationships among human beings but also and deeply with nature. The survival of all cultures depends on the way they use and treat nature. A well-working culture is the one that satisfies the different groups within the society as equally as possible; thus, its individual members can all have access to the resources available in the community and achieve their personal and collective goals. This will avoid the members to feel unsafe and unattached; therefore, they will not easily fall into anti-social behaviours, such as: violence, crime, suicide, depression, abuse of drugs, etc. Enculturation and Acculturation Every single culture is learnt by their members and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation to avoid its absolute disappearance. The most important instrument used to carry this out is language. The process of passing on knowledge among people is what we call enculturation. This process is vital to guarantee the survival of the culture, but it is also significant to do it in the most smoothly manner to avoid any disruption among members and also among the features of the culture being transmitted. Enculturation let us understand the past so that we can make a better sense of the present and therefore plan a more sustainable future for the welfare of our species. This process also gives us the opportunity to find out more about ourselves; our ancestors and origin; where the way we think and perceive the world, our values and beliefs come from. When enculturation is carried out in the proper manner, the members of all cultures grow up closer to their past, revitalizing the core values that make their cultures unique and distinct from all others. They also grow up in an environment characterized by the deep pride of belonging to one particular culture and behave with strong ideas of maintaining their culture alive; albeit the irrevocable changes they must go through. There is also another phenomenon that cultures might experience, consisting on the absorption of one culture over another one, called acculturation. This usually happens when industrialized or capital societies influence highly over traditional small societies to the point of modifying them completely. Once they are in contact, the former shapes and converts the latter one. The small society adopts the culture of the powerful one as the final outcome. This process is similar to that of colonization. It is especially more noticeable now that we live in a globalized world; where the small societies are usually the most affected ones. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism There is generally a bad habit of criticising other peoples behaviour but most of all to judge the way other cultures function. When we find ourselves interacting with people from other cultures, or simply see it on the media; we get surprised by the different manners they behave, think and express in similar situations. There is nothing wrong with comparing cultures, in fact, this way we learn more about others and value ours, too. We must keep in mind that when comparing, we should adopt an unbiased position in order to understand the best way possible why other people do things in the way they do, and avoid unsupported preconceptions. The term that refers to what it is mentioned in the paragraph above is ethnocentrism: the belief that the way that ones own culture functions is the only proper and correct one, while all others are wrong. In order to avoid making fast judgements or simply incorrect conclusions; anthropologists, when studying cultures, always put into practice what they call cultural relativism which is the idea that we must suspend or postpone judgement of other peoples practices until we acquire a full understanding of the culture in which we are interested; so as to understand them in their own cultural terms. It is important to clarify that in this process what it is done is to put off ones judgement towards another culture, it is neither precipitated nor cancelled. Through cultural relativism it is possible to hold our judgements and perceptions about the culture being observed to the last stage; in order to take down accurate data and keep valid records; furthermore, avoid preconceptions influenced by ethnocentrism. Conclusion Along history not only humans have changed, but also the way we live. In our search for a better and more comfortable world for us to inhabit; we have made an irrational and abusive use of natural resources. We have damaged nature to such extreme points to threaten our own survival. Most of the societies around the world, influenced by the western fashion have turned into very consumerist ones; the ideas and values that used to grasp societies together are now stirring political discomfort and creating social inequality because the leaders and members of our societies are more tented to achieve personal and individual profits at any cost to work collectively so that every member can accomplish his personal and collective needs. The process of changing is unstoppable; everything needs to keep changing constantly to stay alive; therefore a culture that does not adjust its features simple disappears. The most important affected feature of a culture is its language. Language is that particular faculty that differentiates us from animals and makes us a unique and rational species. Through language we humans are able to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas and most importantly to transmit our culture from one generation into another one, assuring its survival along years. Many languages have already disappeared, mainly as a result of the process of acculturation; and with the languages, also ways of thinking, expressing, seeing, perceiving are gone. This way the world becomes small and intrinsic, losing authenticity and variety provided for the distinct and diverse manners of receiving, understanding, analyzing, shaping and living this world. For a culture to survive is not enough to shift. It should do it in a way that it can guarantee that its members will satisfy their biological and social needs; thus, the whole society will feel competent and safe; therefore, it will behave proudly and mutually to keep it alive.

Finance Case

CASESTUDY: Goodweek Tires, Inc. After extensive research and development, Goodweek Tires,Inc. , has recently developed a new tire, the SuperTread, and must decide whether to make the investment necessary to produce and market the SuperTread. The tire would be ideal for drivers doing a large amount of wet weather and off-road driving in addition to its normal freeway usage. The research and development costs so far total about $10 million. The SuperTread would be put on the market beginning this year and Goodweek expects it to stay on the market for a total of four years.Test marketing costing $5 mil-lion shows that there is a significant market for a SuperTread-type tire. As a financial analyst at Goodweek Tires, you are asked by your CFO, Mr. Adam Smith, to evaluate the SuperTread project and provide a recommendation on whether to go ahead with the investment. You are informed that all previous investments in the SuperTread are sunk costs and only future cash flows should be conside red . Except for the initial investment which will occur immediately; assume all cash flows will occur at year-end.Goodweek must initially invest $120 million in production equipment to make the SuperTread. The equipment is expected to have a seven-year useful life. This equipment can be sold for $51,428,571at the end of four years. Goodweek intends to sell the SuperTread to two distinct markets: 1. The Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Market The OEM market consists primarily of the large automobile companies (e. g. , General Motors) who buy tires for new cars. In the OEM market, the SuperTread is expected to sell for $36 per tire. The variable cost to produce each tire is $18. 2.The Replacement Market The replacement market consists of all tires purchased after the auto-mobile has left the factory. This market allows higher margins and Goodweek expects to sell the SuperTread for $59 per tire there. Variable costs are the same as in the OEM market. Goodweek Tires intends to rai se prices at 1 percent above the inflation rate. Variable costs will also increase 1 percent above the inflation rate. In addition, the SuperTread project will incur $25 mil-lion in marketing and general administration costs the first year (this figure is expected to increase at the inflation rate in the subsequent years).Goodweek’s corporate tax rate is 40 percent. Annual inflation is expected to remain constant at 3. 25 percent. The company uses a 15. 9 percent discount rate to evaluate new product decisions. The tire market Automotive industry analysts expect automobile manufacturers to produce 2 million new cars this year and production to grow at 2. 5 percent per year thereafter. Each new car needs four tires (the spare tires are undersized and are in a different category). Goodweek Tires expects the SuperTread to capture 11 percent of the OEM market.Industry analysts estimate that the replacement tire market size will be 14 million tires this year and that it will grow at 2 percent annually. Goodweek expects the SuperTread to capture an 8 per-cent market share. You decide to use the MACRS depreciation schedule (seven-year property class). You also decide to consider net working capital (NWC) requirements in this scenario. The immediate initial working capital requirement is $11 million, and thereafter the net working capital requirements will be 15 percent of sales. What will be the NPV, payback period, discounted payback period, AAR, IRR, and PI on this project?

A Review of Keatings Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2234 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: Justice Essay Tort Essay Did you like this example? Gregory C. Keating[1] is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Southern California and teaches legal ethics, seminars and torts in political and legal philosophy. He is also an editor of a torts casebook and writes on torts, legal theory and professional responsibility. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Review of Keatings Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents" essay for you Create order In his Article Distributive and corrective justice in the tort law of accidents'[2], Keating explains that the theoretical foundation of tort theory is torn between two competing conceptions, the justice conception and the economic conception, where the former takes tort law of accidents to be continuous with our ordinary notions of agency and responsibility, carelessness and wrongdoing, harm and reparation'[3] and the latter supports that tort accident law should express an appropriate scientific conception of human welfare. Keating argues that theorists in the justice conception have generally supported that, in tort law, justice is a matter of corrective justice, concerned all but exclusively with the rectification of losses wrongfully inflicted and although he supports that this is an attractive position, since rectification is central to tort accident law, he challenges that belief, arguing that the advantages of corrective justice have however come at a cost[4]. He firstl y supports that the rhetoric of tort law is rife with appeals to fairness'[5] and the arguments about fairness have been difficult to fit into a corrective justice framework. Secondly he argues that theorists of the corrective justice conception have been led to place great weight on the concept of wrongdoing, which has led to overemphasizing the attractiveness and importance of negligence liability and has made strict liability difficult to justify, whereas distributive justice helps to justify and explain the existence of strict liability in tort law.[6] Keating therefore supports that tort law should be only secondarily matter of corrective justice and primarily a matter of distributive justice, a matter of the fair apportionment of the burdens and benefits of risky activities. As Keating presents, distributive justice views the law of torts from the point of view of those affected by it and has its roots in the social contract tradition[7], asking what they might reasonably e xpect of each other in the way of reparation and precaution. On the other hand, Keating supports that there is not a single agreed-upon account regarding corrective justice and therefore he uses the corrective justice conception of Jules Coleman[8] as his touchstone, concluding that corrective justice consists of four elements[9], firstly it applies to human agency, secondly it is concerned with repair or rectification, thirdly it is concerned with rectifying a kind of wrongdoing, with wrongful losses in Colemans case, and fourthly, it involves correlativity. Keating argues that the tort law of accidents, on the fairness conception[10], is only secondarily a matter of corrective justice and primarily a matter of distributive justice. He goes on to say that, the tort law of accidents, implied by the idea of fairness, is and should be concerned with the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of mutually beneficial but harmful activities. Fairness requires that those who impo se risks also bear the accident costs which issue from those risk impositions and this conception of fairness gives rise to a presumption in favor of strict liability. Therefore, the corrective dimension of strict liability, which is the reparation for harm reasonably inflicted by the injurer to the victim, is the offspring of a deeper distributive dimension, which is also the case in negligent liability. Keating further argues that the link between disrespect and negligence makes negligence liability[11] an instance of corrective justice since the duty to repair a negligently inflicted injury is a duty to make right a harm wrongly inflicted. However, Keating underlines that even here corrective justice is embedded in distributive justice firstly, because negligent liability is fully justified only when it is distributively fair and secondly since the norms of due care strike a fair balance between the competing claims of liberty and security, when negligence liability is properly a rticulated. Keating argues that negligence upsets this fair distribution of precaution and risk and supports that the upshot of this[12] is that victims claims to reparation, even when those claims sound in corrective justice, rest at bottom on a conception of distributive justice. Keating concludes that a law of accidents[13] which attends to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of risky activities is more just than one which attends only to the rectification of injuries wrongly inflicted. In other words, a law o accidents which is not only distributively fair, but also correctively just, is more just than a law of accidents which is only correctively just. The controversy concerning the appropriate purpose of tort law continues to rage[14] with some scholars advocating that tort rules should minimize accident costs as an instrument for maximizing social welfare and wealth and others arguing that, as a matter of corrective justice, tort rules should fairly protect the individuals right to physical security. These two conceptions of tort law are both fundamentally incompatible and mutually exclusive and therefore, it seems that the tort system has to choose between efficiency and fairness. The economic analysis of tort law, throughout its history, has focused almost exclusively in one main question regarding how should tort rules be formulated in order to minimize the social cost of accidents. Although, the economic analysis of tort law is controversial,[15] since it is highly questioned whether tort law should minimize accident costs to the exclusion of fairness concerns, it can play an important role in formulating tort rules designed to protect fairly individual rights. By identifying such a role, it can be showed that it is possible to conceptualize tort law in a unified manner, one that fully accounts for the central tenets of welfare economics and the fair protection of individual rights. The controversy associated with the economic a nalysis of tort law was first stirred up by the provocative work of Richard Posner. Although he was not the first to apply economic analysis to tort law, Posner strongly influenced the newly developing field by forcefully propounding the claim that tort law should maximize wealth by minimizing accident costs[16]. The approach subsequently foundered as scholars, including Posner, recognized that cost-benefit analysis cannot determine initial entitlements, the basic architecture of any legal rule.[17] This limitation of economic analysis was then addressed by Louis Kaplow and Steven Shavell, who have constructed a proof showing that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  tort rule can make everyone worse off than the welfare-maximizing tort rule.[18] This outcome violates the Pareto principle, which requires any change in liability rules that would make at least one person better off and no one worse off. By showing how a principle of fairness can block a change in rules that wou ld make everyone better off, Kaplow and Shavell provide a reason for rejecting a fair tort system in favor of one that maximizes welfare consistently with the Pareto principle. A welfare-maximizing tort system ordinarily relies upon cost-minimizing liability rules, thereby reestablishing the single role for economic analysis in tort law.[19] All issues of concern to the tort system ought to be resolved in the cost-minimizing manner, the general method for maximizing social welfare and wealth. Not surprisingly, the claim that tort law ought to be nothing more than an exercise of welfare economics has provoked an equally extreme response from critics. The most forceful critique has come from those who maintain that tort liability is best justified by the principle of corrective justice.[20] The principle is grounded in a conception of individual rights and obligations, giving one who is responsible for the wrongful losses of another a duty to repair those losses.[21] This justif ication rules out the economic analysis of [tort] law.'[22] Despite the claims of exclusivity made by the proponents of efficiency and fairness, each conception of tort liability is included in the common understanding of tort law. The most widespread understanding of tort law, developed by the work of a large number of the most influential tort scholars in the Twentieth Century, maintains that the purpose of tort law is to compensate and deter.[23] The compensatory function relates to fairness concerns, and the deterrence function relates the economic rationale for tort liability. This understanding of tort law has been adopted by the Restatement (Third) of Torts, which justifies negligence liability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“as remedying an injustice inflicted on the plaintiff by the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“providing the defendant with appropriate safety incentives [which] improves the overall welfare of society, and thereby advances economic goals.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [24] Rather than solve the dispute regarding the appropriate roles of efficiency and fairness in tort law, the compensation-and-deterrence rationale may merely restate the problem. The rationale, in other words, may embody a problematic conception of tort liability. A cost-minimizing tort system is incompatible with the adequate protection of individual rights.[25] The deterrence rationale for tort liability also appears to be incompatible with the compensatory rationale.[26] The compensation-and-deterrence rationale therefore may embody conflicting rationales rather than providing a unified conception of tort liability. Such a mixed understanding of tort law is problematic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understood from the standpoint of mutually independent goals, [tort] law is a congeries of unharmonized and competing purposes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [27] In order for the deterrence-and-compensation rationale to offer a unified conception of tort law, it must find justification in a theory capa ble of explaining the compensation and deterrence functions of tort law. Such a unified conception must also be capable of explaining the varied roles of efficiency and fairness concerns in tort law. A unified conception cannot depend on the conventional economic analysis of tort law due to its exclusion of fairness concerns. A unified conception must instead depend on some other form of economic analysis, one appropriate for a fair tort system. It is an open question whether a rights-based fairness norm like the principle of corrective justice can be complemented by economic analysis.[28] No doubt, many believe that this question has been ignored for good reasons. The conventional economic question is forward-looking: Would liability in this case minimize accident costs by deterring accidents in the future? That inquiry seems to be utterly irrelevant to the backward-looking normative question: Is compensation in this case warranted because the defendant was responsible for vi olating the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right? Despite superficial appearances, the idea that economic analysis is incompatible with or irrelevant to a principle of fairness is probably mistaken. Economic analysis can have an important role to play in a fair tort system, one that significantly differs from its role in an efficient tort system. Top of Form Bottom of FormThis unified conception incorporates economic analysis into a fair theory of tort law. Under this approach, the individual right to physical security constrains the ability of the tort system to promote social welfare. The constraint yields rights-based tort rules that are consistent with the Pareto principle and satisfy the equity-efficiency criterion, the two central tenets of welfare economics. The approach is illustrated by a rights-based conception of fairness that adequately describes the important tort doctrines while unifying the compensation and deterrence functions of tort law. As this example illustrate s, the constraint imposed by a rights-based principle does not make welfare considerations irrelevant. It merely defines the conditions under which tort rules can appropriately rely upon welfare considerations. Further analysis shows why any rights-based tort system is likely to provide an important role for economic analysis, one that operates within the constrained space of welfare concerns. The economic inquiry no longer exclusively focuses on the minimization of costs. Freed from such a limited and controversial role, economic analysis becomes integral to a unified conception of tort law. [1] George Conk, Nishida v. Pharmacia/Monsanto Torts Scholars Amicus Brief (2013) https://www.scribd.com/doc/124667443/Nishida-v-Pharmacia-Monsanto-Torts-Scholars-Amicus-Brief#scribd accessed 25 February 2015 [2] Gregory C. Keating, Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents [ 2000 ] Vol. 74:193 [3] ibid 193 [4] ibid 195 [5] ibid [6] ibid [7] ibid 196 [8] ibid 197 [9] ibid [10] ibid 200 [11] ibid 201 [12] ibid [13] ibid 224 [14] Mark Geistfeld, Economic Analysis in a Unified Conception of Tort Law (2003) https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wh2w92c# accessed 25 February 2015 [15] Jules L. Coleman, The Grounds of Welfare (2003) 112 YALE L. J. 1511 https://www.yalelawjournal.org/review/the-grounds-of-welfare accessed 25 February 2015 [16] RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMICS OF JUSTICE (1981) https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/828232?sid=21105453566871uid=2129uid=60uid=3uid=70uid=388953301uid=2 accessed 25 February 2015 [17] Lewis Kornhauser, The Economic Analysis of Law (2011) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-econanalysis/ accessed 25 February 2015 [18] Louis Kaplow Steven Shavell, The Conflict Between No tions of Fairness and the Pareto Principle (1999) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24104346_Any_Non-welfarist_Method_of_Policy_Assessment_Violates_the_Pareto_Principle_Reply accessed 25 February 2015 [19] LOUIS KAPLOW STEVEN SHAVELL, FAIRNESS VERSUS WELFARE (2002) https://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/shavell/pdf/32_J_Legal_Stud_331.pdf accessed 25 February 2015 [20] JULES L. COLEMAN, THE PRACTICE OF PRINCIPLE: IN DEFENCE OF A PRAGMATIST APPROACH TO LEGAL THEORY (first published in 2001, Oxford University Press Inc., New York) [21] ibid [22] ERNEST WEINRIB, THE IDEA OF PRIVATE LAW (First Edition Published in 2012, Oxford University Press Inc., New York ) [23] Mark Geistfeld, Economic Analysis in a Unified Conception of Tort Law (2003) https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wh2w92c# accessed 25 February 2015 [24] ibid [25] ibid [26] ERNEST WEINRIB, THE IDEA OF PRIVATE LAW (First Edition Published in 2012, Oxford University Press Inc., New York ) [27] ibid [28] Robert Cooter, Torts as the Union of Liberty and Efficiency: An Essay on Causation (1987) https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2301context=facpubs accessed 25 February 2015